Dependence of antimicrobial properties on site-selective arrangement and concentration of bioactive Cu2+ ions in tricalcium phosphate

A copper-containing analog of the biomineral whitlockite: dissolution–precipitation synthesis, structural and biological properties

“…According to Spaeth et al , 8 at the maximal substitution level, Cu 2+ occupies Ca(5), Ca(2) and Ca(3) sites. These conclusions were confirmed by a recent work by Deyneko et al 10 By contrast, Mg 2+ ions were shown to occupy both Ca(5) and Ca(4) sites in a heavily doped β-TCP. 40…”

“…According to Spaeth et al, 8 at the maximal substitution level, Cu 2+ occupies Ca(5), Ca(2) and Ca(3) sites. These conclusions were confirmed by a recent work by Deyneko et al 10 By contrast, Mg 2+ ions were shown to occupy both Ca(5) and Ca(4) sites in a heavily doped β-TCP. 40 As was mentioned above, the crystal structures of WH and β-TCP (or substituted TCP) are in a close relationship, which results in the nearly identical XRD patterns of these two materials; therefore, the reliable identification of WH is impossible without employing vibrational spectroscopy.…”

“…The majority of the works investigating Cu-substituted CPs are focused on the most popular synthetic phases including calcium hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ), 7 beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ), 8–10 brushite (DCPD, CaHPO 4 ·2H 2 O), 11,12 and biphasic CPs (HA + β-TCP). 13 For instance, Cu-doped HA demonstrated an antimicrobial effect against E. coli and C. albicans .…”

“…Cu-doped CPs demonstrate antibacterial properties, provide angiogenic ability and favor osteogenesis; these properties represent the key points for ideal biomaterial integration and the healing process. 6 The majority of the works investigating Cu-substituted CPs are focused on the most popular synthetic phases including calcium hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ), 7 beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ), [8][9][10] brushite (DCPD, CaHPO 4 •2H 2 O), 11,12 and biphasic CPs (HA + β-TCP). 13 For instance, Cu-doped HA demonstrated an antimicrobial effect against E. coli and C. albicans.…”

“…7 Cu-containing TCP was determined to be biocompatible, revealing no cytotoxic effect regardless of the studied Cu substitution level; moreover, it showed antibacterial properties against E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. 10 Cu-loaded DCPD cement was recognized as a suitable material for bone tissue defect-related repair in orthopedic surgeries demonstrating good antibacterial properties and cell affinity. 11 Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-WH, Ca 18 Mg 2 (HPO 4 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 12 ) is an ion-substituted member of the CP family naturally occurring in the human body.…”