“…At the same time, even at the highest concentrations of CB, the viability of the hASCs was not particularly affected, and after CB's removal from the culture medium, the cells showed a proliferative rate similar to control cells. Some studies demonstrated that CD or CB did not compromise cell proliferation or viability [40,80], but on the contrary, other research reported decreases in both parameters dose-and treatment time-dependently [81][82][83]. In particular, Kocsis and colleagues (2021) showed a great difference in cell viability between MSCs treated with CB for 3 or 24 h, with low (1-8 µM) or high concentrations of this chemical (until 128 µM) [82].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some studies demonstrated that CD or CB did not compromise cell proliferation or viability [40,80], but on the contrary, other research reported decreases in both parameters dose-and treatment time-dependently [81][82][83]. In particular, Kocsis and colleagues (2021) showed a great difference in cell viability between MSCs treated with CB for 3 or 24 h, with low (1-8 µM) or high concentrations of this chemical (until 128 µM) [82]. However, for the range of CB concentrations used in our studies, they found a reduction in viability after 24 h of treatment comparable to or slightly greater than our results.…”
Cytoskeletal proteins provide architectural and signaling cues within cells. They are able to reorganize themselves in response to mechanical forces, converting the stimuli received into specific cellular responses. Thus, the cytoskeleton influences cell shape, proliferation, and even differentiation. In particular, the cytoskeleton affects the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are highly attractive candidates for cell therapy approaches due to their capacity for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. Cytochalasin B (CB), a cyto-permeable mycotoxin, is able to inhibit the formation of actin microfilaments, resulting in direct effects on cell biological properties. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of different concentrations of CB (0.1–10 μM) on human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) both after 24 h (h) of CB treatment and 24 h after CB wash-out. CB influenced the metabolism, proliferation, and morphology of hASCs in a dose-dependent manner, in association with progressive disorganization of actin microfilaments. Furthermore, the removal of CB highlighted the ability of cells to restore their cytoskeletal organization. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that cytoskeletal changes induced by CB modulated the viscoelastic properties of hASCs, influencing their stiffness and viscosity, thereby affecting adipogenic fate.
“…At the same time, even at the highest concentrations of CB, the viability of the hASCs was not particularly affected, and after CB's removal from the culture medium, the cells showed a proliferative rate similar to control cells. Some studies demonstrated that CD or CB did not compromise cell proliferation or viability [40,80], but on the contrary, other research reported decreases in both parameters dose-and treatment time-dependently [81][82][83]. In particular, Kocsis and colleagues (2021) showed a great difference in cell viability between MSCs treated with CB for 3 or 24 h, with low (1-8 µM) or high concentrations of this chemical (until 128 µM) [82].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some studies demonstrated that CD or CB did not compromise cell proliferation or viability [40,80], but on the contrary, other research reported decreases in both parameters dose-and treatment time-dependently [81][82][83]. In particular, Kocsis and colleagues (2021) showed a great difference in cell viability between MSCs treated with CB for 3 or 24 h, with low (1-8 µM) or high concentrations of this chemical (until 128 µM) [82]. However, for the range of CB concentrations used in our studies, they found a reduction in viability after 24 h of treatment comparable to or slightly greater than our results.…”
Cytoskeletal proteins provide architectural and signaling cues within cells. They are able to reorganize themselves in response to mechanical forces, converting the stimuli received into specific cellular responses. Thus, the cytoskeleton influences cell shape, proliferation, and even differentiation. In particular, the cytoskeleton affects the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are highly attractive candidates for cell therapy approaches due to their capacity for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. Cytochalasin B (CB), a cyto-permeable mycotoxin, is able to inhibit the formation of actin microfilaments, resulting in direct effects on cell biological properties. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of different concentrations of CB (0.1–10 μM) on human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) both after 24 h (h) of CB treatment and 24 h after CB wash-out. CB influenced the metabolism, proliferation, and morphology of hASCs in a dose-dependent manner, in association with progressive disorganization of actin microfilaments. Furthermore, the removal of CB highlighted the ability of cells to restore their cytoskeletal organization. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that cytoskeletal changes induced by CB modulated the viscoelastic properties of hASCs, influencing their stiffness and viscosity, thereby affecting adipogenic fate.
“…Treatment of MSCs with cytochalasin B (CB), which is a cell-permeable mycotoxin that affects the filamentous actin-based cytoskeleton network formation, results in an impaired mitochondrial network, shown by a perinuclear accumulation of mitochondria caused by abnormal fission and fusion dynamics ( Fig. 2 ) [ 41 ]. Mitochondrial mass and volume in these cells decrease compared to healthy cells; notably, the mitochondrial volume of CB-treated MSCs increases compared to total cell volume.…”
“…Mitochondrial mass and volume in these cells decrease compared to healthy cells; notably, the mitochondrial volume of CB-treated MSCs increases compared to total cell volume. These effects could be reversed during a 24 h-recovery phase, demonstrating the highly regenerative abilities of MSCs [ 41 ]. Fig.…”
“…The combination of microfluidic-hydrostatic trap arrays with fluorescent staining can be used effectively to improve single-cell-analysis of mitochondrial homeostasis when employing probes to measure MMP by TMRE [ 70 ]. MSC interactions with other cells have been investigated to correlate deficient actin-cytoskeleton function with a disturbance in oxygen, emphasizing the importance of 2D and 3D cultivation techniques for the functional performance of the cell [ 41 ]. Using microfluidic chips fabricated with optical sensor spots of oxygen-sensitive microparticles, oxygen pressure and consumption of MSCs could be assessed under dynamic conditions.…”
Section: Microfluidic Devices As Promising Technology To Monitor Mito...mentioning
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