Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: an update

Bakry, Sayed; Merhi, Zaher; Scalise, Trudy J.; Mahmoud, Magda E.; Fadiel, Ahmed; Naftolin, Frederick

doi:10.1007/s00404-007-0497-z

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Medroxyprogesterone, on the other hand, is a synthetic progestin that functions as a progesterone agonist (6). Similar to progesterone, mifepristone also enhanced C. sordellii spore germination, with an EC 50 of 6.3 M, and inhibited C. difficile spore germination, with an IC 50 of 18.2 M (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progesterone Analogs Influence Germination of Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile Spores In Vitro

et al. 2011

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Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile are closely related anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming human pathogens. C. sordellii and C. difficile form spores that are believed to be the infectious form of these bacteria. These spores return to toxin-producing vegetative cells upon binding to small molecule germinants. The endogenous compounds that regulate clostridial spore germination are not fully understood. While C. sordellii spores require three structurally distinct amino acids to germinate, the occurrence of postpregnancy C. sordellii infections suggests that steroidal sex hormones might regulate its capacity to germinate. On the other hand, C. difficile spores require taurocholate (a bile salt) and glycine (an amino acid) to germinate. Bile salts and steroid hormones are biosynthesized from cholesterol, suggesting that the common sterane structure can affect the germination of both C. sordellii and C. difficile spores. Therefore, we tested the effect of sterane compounds on C. sordellii and C. difficile spore germination. Our results show that both steroid hormones and bile salts are able to increase C. sordellii spore germination rates. In contrast, a subset of steroid hormones acted as competitive inhibitors of C. difficile spore germination. Thus, even though C. sordellii and C. difficile are phylogenetically related, the two species' spores respond differently to steroidal compounds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Steroid hormones, on the other hand, are produced by different tissues and affect numerous cellular processes (32). Synthetic steroidal hormones are used in reproductive medicine to control endometrial irregularities and are also used to treat different types of cancer (6,13,25,56).…”

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confidence: 99%

Progesterone Analogs Influence Germination of Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile Spores In Vitro

et al. 2011

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“…The metabolism of DMPA is through the liver; therefore, it is not recommended for those with active liver disease. [39][40][41] …”

Section: Combined Hormonal Contraceptivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Yousif

Bridson

Halawa³

2016

Exp Clin Transplant

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There is a misconception among transplant clinicians that contraception after a successful renal transplant is challenging. This is partly due to the complex nature of transplant patients, where immunosuppression and graft dysfunction create major concerns. In addition, good evidence regarding contraception and transplant is scarce, with most of the evidence extrapolated from observational and case-controlled studies, thus adding to the dilemma of treating these patients. In this review, we closely analyzed the different methods of contraception and critically evaluated the efficacy of the different options for contraception after kidney transplant. We conclude that contraception after renal transplant is successful with acceptable risk. A multidisciplinary team approach involving obstetricians and transplant clinicians to decide the appropriate timing for conception is recommended. Early counseling on contraception is important to reduce the risk of unplanned pregnancies, improve pregnancy outcomes, and reduce maternal complications in patients after kidney transplant. To ascertain appropriate advice on the method of contraception, individualizing the method of contraception according to a patient's individual risks and expectations is essential.

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“…These populations include women with cardiac risk factors such as poorly controlled hypertension and history of VTE as well as smokers over age 35 years. 39,40 In women with sickle cell disease, DMPA has been shown to reduce the number of sickle cell crises. 40 In women with a seizure disorder, DMPA has been shown to reduce seizure frequency.…”

Section: Injectable Contraceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39,40 In women with sickle cell disease, DMPA has been shown to reduce the number of sickle cell crises. 40 In women with a seizure disorder, DMPA has been shown to reduce seizure frequency. 39 Controlled surveillance found no overall increased risk of ovarian, liver or cervical cancer, and found a prolonged protective effect against endometrial cancer.…”

Section: Injectable Contraceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%