Depression and Anxiety in Relation to Social Status

Murphy, Jane M.; Olivier, Donald C.; Monson, Richard R.; Sobol, Arthur M.; Federman, Elizabeth B.; Leighton, Alexander H.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270035004

Cited by 200 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Some find support primarily for either social causation (Link et al 1986(Link et al , 1993Ritsher et al 2001) or social selection (Levav et al 1987b ;Murphy et al 1991 ;Munk & Mortensen, 1992). Wadsworth & Achenbach (2005) found that greater numbers of children from low SES groups developed a variety of psychological complaints (anxious/ depressed, aggressive behavior, thought problems, somatic complaints and delinquent behavior) than children from high SES groups, supporting the theory of social causation.…”

Section: Empirical Evidence For the Two Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology vary as a function of economic status

South

Krueger

2010

Psychol. Med.

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BackgroundDifferent theories of the link between socio-economic status (SES) and mental illness have been postulated. In particular, two theories of this association, social causation and social selection, differ in the implied causal pathway. The authors employ behavior genetic modeling to consider evidence for both social selection and social causation in the relationship between income variation and internalizing disorders.MethodBehavior genetic modeling was used to estimate the presence of gene–environment interaction (GxE, social causation) in the presence of gene–environment correlation (rGE, social selection). Participants were members of a sample of 719 twin pairs from the Midlife in the United States study. Four internalizing (INT) syndromes were assessed: major depression (MD); generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); panic attacks (PA); neuroticism (N). SES was measured with total family household income.ResultsOne factor best accounted for the variance shared between MD, GAD, PA and N. The etiology of variation in INT changed from high to low levels of income, with unique environmental factors playing a larger role in INT variation at lower levels of income. Across levels of income, rGE between income and INT was modest (low income ra=0.39 to high income ra=0.54), implying a selection process operating through genetic effects linking lower income with INT psychopathology.ConclusionsFindings support social causation by suggesting that low income contributes significantly to environmental variation in INT. Modest support was found for social selection, but should be extended using longitudinal designs. Effective interventions for internalizing psychopathology may differ depending on income.

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Section: Empirical Evidence For the Two Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology vary as a function of economic status

South

Krueger

2010

Psychol. Med.

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“…Prospective data from the Woodlawn study also suggest the importance of welfare status in predicting psychological distress (Ensminger 1995). In a rural area of Nova Scotia, the rate of incidence of depression was about four times as high in the low socioeconomic status groups as in the high socioeconomic status groups; however, the sample had only 17 cases with depression (Murphy et al 1991).…”

Section: Depressive Disorder and Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Status and Depressive Syndrome: The Role of Inter- and Intra-Generational Mobility, Government Assistance, and Work Environment

Eaton¹,

Muntañer²,

Bovasso³

et al. 2001

Journal of Health and Social Behavior

161

105

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This paper assesses the hypothesis that depressive syndrome is associated with socioeconomic status, using longitudinal data from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Followup. Socioeconomic measures include those used in most studies of status attainment, as well as measures of financial dependence, non-job income, and work environment. Analyses include inter-and intragenerational mobility, and replicate the basic aspects of the status attainment process, as well as psychiatric epidemiologic findings regarding gender, family history of depression, life events, and depressive syndrome. But the involvement of depressive syndrome in the process of status attainment, either as cause or consequence, is small and not statistically significant. There are strong effects of financial dependence and work environment on depressive syndrome. The findings shed doubt on the utility of the causation/selection/drift model for depression, to the extent it is based on linear relationships and socioeconomic rank at the macro level, while lending credibility to socialpsychologically oriented theories of work environment, poverty, and depression.The relationship of socioeconomic status to psychiatric disorders is one of the most important aspects of the relationship of social structure to mental life, and one of the most consistent relationships in the field of psychiatric epidemiology.

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“…5 A epidemiologia psiquiátrica tem verificado a associação dos TMC a variáveis relativas às condições de vida e à estrutura ocupacional. No primeiro caso, com a escolaridade; 7,12 com a posse de bens duráveis, 10 de casa, 12 de carro; 15 e com as condições de moradia. 4 No segundo, com a renda; 7,12 com a ocupação; 15 e com a exclusão do mercado formal de trabalho.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…No primeiro caso, com a escolaridade; 7,12 com a posse de bens duráveis, 10 de casa, 12 de carro; 15 e com as condições de moradia. 4 No segundo, com a renda; 7,12 com a ocupação; 15 e com a exclusão do mercado formal de trabalho. 1 As associações verificadas na dimensão empírica entre TMC e essas variáveis necessitam, porém, ser problematizadas no campo teórico, esfera pródiga em controvérsias.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Condições de vida e estrutura ocupacional associadas a transtornos mentais comuns

2002

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OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e analisar sua associação a condições de vida e inserção na estrutura ocupacional. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido em 1993, em Olinda, PE, envolvendo 621 adultos de 15 ou mais anos em uma amostra domiciliar aleatória, aos quais se aplicaram o Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e um questionário socioeconômico. Estimaram-se os odds-ratios (OR) simples e ajustados, utilizando-se regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência total dos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) foi de 35%. As variáveis relativas às condições de vida foram ajustadas entre si e por sexo, idade e situação conjugal. Apenas escolaridade (p<0,0001) e condições de moradia (p=0,02) mantiveram-se associadas aos TMC. Em relação à estrutura ocupacional, os trabalhadores manuais informalmente inseridos no processo produtivo (OR=2,21; IC95% 1,1-4,5), e os indivíduos com pior situação de renda familiar per capita (OR=2,87; IC95%1,4-5,8) apresentaram maior prevalência de TMC. CONCLUSÃO: Baixa escolaridade, baixa renda e exclusão do mercado formal de trabalho, expressões da estrutura das classes sociais, proporcionam situações de estresse contribuindo para a produção dos TMC.

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Depression and Anxiety in Relation to Social Status

Cited by 200 publications

References 32 publications

Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology vary as a function of economic status

Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology vary as a function of economic status

Socioeconomic Status and Depressive Syndrome: The Role of Inter- and Intra-Generational Mobility, Government Assistance, and Work Environment

Condições de vida e estrutura ocupacional associadas a transtornos mentais comuns

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