Depression in the Peruvian population and its associated factors: analysis of a national health survey

Hernández-Vasquéz, Akram; Vargas-Fernández, Rodrigo; Bendezú-Quispe, Guido; Grendas, Leandro Nicolás

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.100

Cited by 39 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The prevalence of each variable reported in our study is higher than those recorded in national studies conducted in Peru before the pandemic, where the prevalence of depression was 6.4% [35].…”

Section: Prevalencecontrasting

confidence: 83%

Depression, Post-traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Fear of COVID-19 in the General Population and Health-Care Workers: Prevalence, Relationship, and Explicative Model in Peru

Villarreal-Zegarra

Copez-Lonzoy

Vilela-Estrada

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: This study has two aims. First, determine the fit of the fear model to COVID-19, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in the general population and health-care workers. Second, determine which model best explains the relationship between depression and the triad of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in both groups. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using self-reported questionnaires for anxiety, fear of COVID-19, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Information was collected from adults living in Lima, the capital and the most populous city in Peru. The explanatory models were evaluated using a structural regression model.Results: A high overall prevalence of depressive symptoms (16%), anxiety (11.7%), and post-traumatic stress (14.9%) were identified. A higher prevalence of depressive, anxious, or stress symptoms was identified in the general population (28.6%) compared to health-care workers (17.9%). The triad model of fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and stress presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices for both groups. A model was identified that manages to explain depressive symptoms in more than 70% of the general population and health-care workers, based on the variables of the triad (CFI=0.94; TLI=0.94; RMSEA=0.06; SRMR=0.06). Limitations: The prevalence estimates relied on self-reported information. Other variables of interest, such as intolerance to uncertainty or income level, could not be evaluated. Conclusions: Our study proposes and tests one model that explains more than 70% of depressive symptoms. This explanatory model can be used in health contexts and populations to determine how emotional factors can affect depressive symptoms. Keywords: Depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, fear of COVID-19, Peru

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Section: Prevalencecontrasting

confidence: 83%

Depression, Post-traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Fear of COVID-19 in the General Population and Health-Care Workers: Prevalence, Relationship, and Explicative Model in Peru

Villarreal-Zegarra

Copez-Lonzoy

Vilela-Estrada

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…In this study, the interactive association between functional disability and demographic characteristics related to depressive symptoms was explored for the rst time. Most studies have found that low educational level [32], female sex [53], and increasing age [54] were related to the occurrence of depressive symptoms in the elderly population. Simultaneously, some studies have noted the impact of functional disability on the mental health of the elderly [55].…”

Section: Interactive Association Among Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between functional disability and depressive symptoms among older adults in rural China: a cross-sectional study

Rong

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The association between functional disability and depressive symptoms among elderly people in rural China is not clear. This study explored the relationship between functional disability and depressive symptoms, focusing on whether an interactive association between functional disability, demographic characteristics and depressive symptoms exists among older adults in rural Anhui, China.Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted with multi-stage stratified random sampling. The 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale and WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 were used to evaluate depressive symptoms and functional disability, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistics 25.0 program with chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, binary logistic regression analysis, and classification and regression tree model.Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms in 3336 older people was 52.94%. After adjustment, subjects who had problems in participation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.499, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.385-4.987), life activities (AOR=1.683, 95% CI: 1.370-2.066), getting along (AOR=1.616, 95% CI: 1.299-2.010), and mobility (AOR=1.842, 95% CI: 1.503-2.258) had an increased depressive symptoms risk. However, cognition (AOR=0.785, 95% CI: 0.647-0.953) negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. Additionally, the interactive association between functional disability dimensions, various variables and depressive symptoms were identified for the first time. Those who had problems in mobility, getting along and were unemployed, the possibility of having depressive symptoms was the highest.Conclusions: Special attention should be paid to unemployed older adults, and those with problems in participation, life activities, getting along, and mobility and no problems in cognition to maintain a good psychological state. Our findings may be greatly significant for developing more targeted and effective mental health prevention and intervention measures for older adults in rural areas.

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“…23-28 The PHQ-9 was also validated 29-33 and used in several studies. 25-28 34-39 The scales were slightly adapted for administration in a phone survey. First, we asked participants whether they were alone in the room and if not, whether they could find a quiet space and/or make sure their phone speaker was off.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on anxiety and depression symptoms of young people in the Global South: evidence from a four-country cohort study

Porter

Favara

Hittmeyer

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Objective To provide evidence on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of adolescents and young adults who grew up in poverty in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Design A phone survey implemented August-October 2020 to participants of a population-based cohort study since 2002 comprising two cohorts born in 1994-5 and 2001-2 in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Peru and Vietnam. We examined associations between mental health and pandemic-related stressors, as well as structural factors (gender, location, wealth); and lifelong protective/risk factors (parent and peer relationship, past household wealth, long-term health problems, past emotional problems and subjective well-being) measured at younger ages. Setting A diverse, poverty focused sample, reaching those without mobile phones or internet access. Participants 10,496 individuals were approached, 9,730 participated. Overall, 8,988 individuals were included in this study, 4,610 (51%) male and 4,378 (49%) female. Non-inclusion was due to non-location or missing data. Main outcome measures At least mild anxiety and depression were measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7, ≥5) and Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8, ≥5). Results Rates of symptoms of at least mild anxiety (depression) were highest in Peru at 41% (32%) [95% CI, 38.63-43.12; (29.49-33.74)], and lowest in Vietnam at 9% (9%) [95% CI, 8.16- 10.58; (8.33- 10.77)], mirroring COVID-19 mortality rates. Females were most affected in all countries but Ethiopia. In all countries, pandemic-related stressors were associated with increased rates of anxiety and depression, though with varying levels of importance across countries. Prior parent and peer relationships were protective factors for mental health while having a long-term health problem or prior emotional problems were risk factors. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic presents significant risks to the mental health of young people. Mental health support is limited in LMICs and young people have to date been lower priority for COVID-19 interventions.

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Depression in the Peruvian population and its associated factors: analysis of a national health survey

Cited by 39 publications

References 31 publications

Depression, Post-traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Fear of COVID-19 in the General Population and Health-Care Workers: Prevalence, Relationship, and Explicative Model in Peru

Depression, Post-traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Fear of COVID-19 in the General Population and Health-Care Workers: Prevalence, Relationship, and Explicative Model in Peru

Association between functional disability and depressive symptoms among older adults in rural China: a cross-sectional study

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on anxiety and depression symptoms of young people in the Global South: evidence from a four-country cohort study

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