Derivation and elimination of uremic toxins from kidney-gut axis

Abstract

Uremic toxins are chemicals, organic or inorganic, that accumulate in the body fluids of individuals with acute or chronic kidney disease and impaired renal function. More than 130 uremic solutions are included in the most comprehensive reviews to date by the European Uremic Toxins Work Group, and novel investigations are ongoing to increase this number. Although approaches to remove uremic toxins have emerged, recalcitrant toxins that injure the human body remain a difficult problem. Herein, we review the derivation and elimination of uremic toxins, outline kidney–gut axis function and relative toxin removal methods, and elucidate promising approaches to effectively remove toxins.

Gut–Kidney–Heart: A Novel Trilogy

“…In this context, the GM plays a key role in the production of some of the most potentially harmful toxins. The GM is, indeed, responsible for the production of indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, and dimethyline, which can all determine severe toxicity, particularly for the cardiovascular system [131,132]. These metabolites are produced through the bacterial metabolism of different compounds, such as phenylalanine and tryptophane, which are then further processed by the liver [133].…”