Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery through Vesicles and Particles: Preparation and Applications

Abstract

Transdermal delivery over the past decade has become the field of interest for drug delivery due to its various advantages such as no first-pass metabolism, increased drug bioavailability, and easy administration. Different vesicle systems like ethosomes, liposomes, niosomes, and transferosomes along with particle systems like lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes have been developed. These vesicles and particle systems have been developed using various easy and effective methods like cold injection method, rotary film evaporation, thin film hydration, high shear homogenization, solvent extraction method, and many more. These drug delivery systems are a very effective and feasible option for transdermal drug delivery and further developments can be made to increase their use. This article explains in detail the preparation methods and applications for these drug delivery systems.

Transfersome as Topical Drug Delivery: Formulation and Characterization

“…The medication or dynamic substance is included in an natural dissolvable or water depending on its dissolvability (Piumitali, Neeraj, and Jyotivardhan 2020). Vesicle size can be diminished by sonication to deliver a little vesicle size (Garg and Jain 2022). The most advantage of this method is when an appropriate proportion of lipid: edge activator: medicate or dynamic specialist is chosen can result in nanometric molecule measure and tall adsorption proficiency can be gotten easily.…”

“…This process involves hydration of lipids from organic solvents, resulting in aqueous suspensions of multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles, among others. This method has the potential to be a very powerful strategy as the high water-to-lipid ratio allows large-scale adsorption of aqueous substances (Garg and Jain 2022). This method works by dissolving the phospholipids in an organic solvent.…”

“…This may be due to the high deformability of the vesicles, which allows self-adaptive invasion (A. Jong et al 2021;Fernández-García et al 2020;Garg and Jain 2022;Kassem, Aboul-Einien, and El Taweel 2018). Transfersomes are drug carriers that can penetrate or cross intact deep skin.…”

“…That is the reality of high elasticity (ultraflexibility or deformability) and an osmotic pressure gradient around the skin entry into transfersomes occurs through the development of an osmotic gradient resulting from evaporation of the lipid suspension on the skin surface as water evaporates (Omar, Hasan, and El Sisi 2019;Rai, Pandey, and Rai 2017;Sudhakar et al 2021). The advantages and disadvantages of transfersomes are shown in Table 1 (Garg and Jain 2022).…”

Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study

“…ET and TET were produced by the “cold method” [ 14 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Particularly, PC was previously solubilized in ethanol (30 or 90 mg/mL) under stirring at 750 rpm (IKA RCT basic, IKA ® -Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany); afterwards, bi-distilled water was added dropwise up to a final 70:30 ( v / v ) ratio under magnetic stirring at 750 rpm.…”