Design and comparison of two types of antennas for SAR calculation in wireless applications

Ali, Israa Hazem; Hamd, Huda I.; Abdalla, Ali I.

doi:10.1109/icaset.2018.8376891

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It is a measure of how much power is absorbed per unit mass of a conductive material, and is defined as:

where

is the electrical conductivity of the material, E is the RMS magnitude of the electric field at a given point and

is the mass density of the material [ 17 ]. Specific absorption rate results must conform to the measurement standards specified by the council of IEEE safety standards of 4 W/kg averaged over 10 g of actual tissue [ 18 , 19 ]. Otherwise, adverse biological effects can result due to a large amount of electromagnetic power absorbed [ 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearable Blood Pressure Sensing Based on Transmission Coefficient Scattering for Microstrip Patch Antennas

Abbasi

Madi

Jelinek

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Painless, cuffless and continuous blood pressure monitoring sensors provide a more dynamic measure of blood pressure for critical diagnosis or continuous monitoring of hypertensive patients compared to current cuff-based options. To this end, a novel flexible, wearable and miniaturized microstrip patch antenna topology is proposed to measure dynamic blood pressure (BP). The methodology was implemented on a simulated five-layer human tissue arm model created and designed in High-Frequency Simulation Software “HFSS”. The electrical properties of the five-layer human tissue were set at the frequency range (2–3) GHz to comply with clinical/engineering standards. The fabricated patch incorporated on a 0.4 mm epoxy substrate achieved consistency between the simulated and measured reflection coefficient results at flat and bent conditions over the frequency range of 2.3–2.6 GHz. Simulations for a 10 g average specific absorption rate (SAR) based on IEEE-Standard for a human arm at different input powers were also carried out. The safest input power was 50 mW with an acceptable SAR value of 3.89 W/Kg < 4W/Kg. This study also explored a novel method to obtain the pulse transit time (PTT) as an option to measure BP. Pulse transmit time is based on obtaining the time difference between the transmission coefficient scattering waveforms measured between the two pairs of metallic sensors underlying the assumption that brachial arterial geometries are dynamic. Consequently, the proposed model is validated by comparing it to the standard nonlinear Moens and Korteweg model over different artery thickness-radius ratios, showing excellent correlation between 0.76 ± 0.03 and 0.81 ± 0.03 with the systolic and diastolic BP results. The absolute risk of arterial blood pressure increased with the increase in brachial artery thickness-radius ratio. The results of both methods successfully demonstrate how the radius estimates, PTT and pulse wave velocity (PWV), along with electromagnetic (EM) antenna transmission propagation characteristics, can be used to estimate continuous BP non-invasively.

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“…It is a measure of how much power is absorbed per unit mass of a conductive material, and is defined as:

where

is the electrical conductivity of the material, E is the RMS magnitude of the electric field at a given point and

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the density and conductivity of bone is low, it has the least energy absorption of the tissues. Thus, the decreased input power required results in low SAR levels which is critical to this study, since the antennas have continuous radiation wave exposure that penetrates deep into the human arm [ 19 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Blood Pressure Sensing Based on Transmission Coefficient Scattering for Microstrip Patch Antennas

Abbasi

Madi

Jelinek

et al. 2022

Sensors

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show abstract

“…where, dw=absorbing energy dm=change in mass ρ=density According to (1), the unit of SAR is (W/Kg) or (mm/g). In addition, SAR can be calculated as an electric field and can be seen in (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation effect of M-slot patch antenna for wireless application

2022

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Today, the specific absorption rate has become an important and necessary measurement when designing and implementing any type of antenna. In recent years, various devices have appeared that use different frequencies for wireless communication systems, which are a source of electromagnetic radiation. The M-slot antenna is designed in this paper to operate in multi-band frequencies for wireless communications using computer simulation technology (CST) software 2020. The radiation effect for this antenna is calculated for tissue mass of the human fingertips, which consists of three layers (skin, meat, and bone), over a mass of 1 g and 10 g according to the IEEE and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) organization. The results are shown three applications in the communication system, which are Wi-Fi, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and, satellite X-band and, the value of specific absorption rate (SAR) increase with increased frequency.

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“…This article distillates on microstrip antennas used in portable wireless systems 7 as shown in Figure 1. Antennas like MSAs, wearable structures and conformal geometries are well harmonized with requirements of handheld devices 7–118 . Study on planar antennas 7–39 is diverse and interesting due to which the discussion is essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antennas like MSAs, wearable structures and conformal geometries are well harmonized with requirements of handheld devices 7–118 . Study on planar antennas 7–39 is diverse and interesting due to which the discussion is essential. 4G technology is allowed to share dynamically make use of network resources to support numerous consumers per cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State‐of‐art design aspects of wearable, mobile, and flexible antennas for modern communication wireless systems

Gharode

Nella

Maheswar

2021

Int J Communication

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Summary In this present contemporary epoch, wireless communication appliances exemplified meteoric progression in technology. These systems entail an antenna in every strand of communication. Depending upon the recent expansions in generations, the antennas become more compact, lightweight, portable, wearable, cost‐effective, and conformal while maintaining essential performance characteristics like impedance bandwidth, efficiency, gain, SAR, etc. This review is envisioned to unveil state‐of‐art in conventional and unconventional antenna technologies in recent times and offers knowledge to readers about a large regime of antenna designs suitable for different wireless communication system applications like GSM, GPS, Wi‐Fi, WLAN, bluetooth, 4G, and 5G under a single head. It is unambiguously worth stating that recent 5G antenna designs will unleash new breaks in leapfrogging all outmoded blockades in developments. Intended wireless communication systems take in mobiles, laptops, smart wears, tablets, etc., while antenna technologies cover wearable models, conformal structures, MIMO configurations, microstrip and planar monopole antennas. This study draws attention towards multi‐band and wide‐band accomplishment techniques, SAR analysis, bending and twisting effects of conformal or wearable antennas, effect of human body and wireless appliances on antenna performance. As per the study, FCC set a standard value of SAR as equal or below to 1.6 W/kg for 1 g of body tissue. IEC standards regulated a limit on SAR value as 2 W/kg, which is average value over 10 g of body tissue. Also, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of below 0.05, diversity gain of less than 10 dB and a maximum channel capacity of 0.4 bit/s/Hz are necessary for MIMO systems.

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Design and comparison of two types of antennas for SAR calculation in wireless applications

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Wearable Blood Pressure Sensing Based on Transmission Coefficient Scattering for Microstrip Patch Antennas

Wearable Blood Pressure Sensing Based on Transmission Coefficient Scattering for Microstrip Patch Antennas

Radiation effect of M-slot patch antenna for wireless application

State‐of‐art design aspects of wearable, mobile, and flexible antennas for modern communication wireless systems

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