Design and control strategy for a hybrid green energy system for mobile telecommunication sites

Sustainable Power Supply Solutions for Off-Grid Base Stations

“…The common methods that are used to optimize the power supply systems include Genetic Algorithm (GA) [66,67,101,105,108,109,116,[127][128][129], Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [71,78,128,130,131], Simulated Annealing (SA) [132,133], Honey Bee Mating Optimization (HBMO) [134,135], Neural Networks (NN) [111,114,136,137], Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) [66,116,134,138], and Simplex Algorithm [128,134,139,140]. In the context of remote telecommunication applications, Okundamiya et al [127] applied the GA approach to optimize a hybrid PV-wind-battery system for a BS site.…”

“…In the context of remote telecommunication applications, Okundamiya et al [127] applied the GA approach to optimize a hybrid PV-wind-battery system for a BS site. The GA uses three operators (i.e., selection, crossover, and mutation) and the selection process begins by evaluating the initial system design (known as chromosome, chosen or set by default) to preliminarily determine a reliable power supply to meet the load demand.…”

“…If the evaluation of the qualified chromosome yields a lower cost of energy than the previously obtained lowest cost of energy value (based on previous iteration), the chromosome of the system configuration is considered to be the optimal solution. The iteration of the selection process is then repeated again until the optimal solution is obtained before moving on to the crossover and mutation operations [127].…”

“…Typically, the aim of operation and control strategies of the power supply system is to fully utilize the free available energy resources, then utilize the energy stored in the energy storage (i.e., batteries), and finally convert the energy from another device (i.e., converting hydrogen to electricity via fuel cells) [181]. This is to ensure that an effective management of energy flow can be achieved for a stable and a reliable power supply system at the lowest cost possible [107,127]. Additionally, the complexity of the operational and control strategies increases as the configuration of the power supply system enlarges [25].…”

“…A wide range of literature can be found relating to the study and the application of the operation and control strategies of power supply systems specifically for BS application. For instance, Okundamiya et al [127] proposed an optimum model of control strategies for a hybrid PV-wind system. The key idea of the strategy was to ensure that the energy generation must be leveled between the energy resource and the energy distribution in order to satisfy the load demand while maintaining the reliability of the system operation [127,183].…”