Design and Implementation of a Machine Learning State Estimation Model for Unobservable Microgrids

Abstract

An observable microgrid may become unobservable when sensors are at fault, sensor data is missing, or data has been tampered by malicious agents. In those cases, state estimation cannot be performed using traditional approaches without pseudo-measurements. To address the lack of observability, this article presents the design and implementation of a novel three-phase state estimation method for unobservable and unbalanced AC microgrids, using machine learning techniques, without pseudo-measurements, and under heteroscedastic (i.e., non-constant variance) noise. The proposed machine learning state estimation (MLSE) makes full use of multiple candidate models trained with a small number of power flow simulations via OpenDSS, through random levels of demand and renewable generation in every simulation, enhanced through a proposed Tikhonov regularization operator. To deal with the heteroscedastic nature of measurements, a recursive average model is proposed to accurately estimate the state variables. Results are obtained using real data from a microgrid located on the main campus of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), in Brazil. The method can be easily adapted to microgrids with different configurations, distributed energy resources, and measurements. It is shown that the proposed MLSE outperforms the traditional weighted least square (WLS) state estimator.INDEX TERMS Machine learning, microgrids, Moore-Penrose left pseudoinverse, Tikhonov regularization operator, recursive average model.

Visual State Estimation for False Data Injection Detection of Solar Power Generation

“…False data injection attacks (FDIAs), such as data poisoning or noise injection, can significantly affect the decision-making process of energy management system (EMS) applications, for instance, voltage regulation [1]. FDIAs are destructive to EMS [2], because the attacker can manipulate the meter readings by injecting additional false data, causing system instability [3] and even cascading failures leading to massive blackouts [4]. Therefore, various methodologies have been developed over the past decade to defend against such attacks.…”