Design and methods in a multi-center case-control interview study.

Hartge, Patricia; Cahill, Julie; West, Dee W.; Hauck, Mary; Austin, Donald F.; Silverman, Debra T.; Hoover, R

doi:10.2105/ajph.74.1.52

Cited by 68 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Levin and colleagues 66) analyzed population data from the 1977-78 National Bladder Cancer Study 67) finding that among white males, clergymen had the lowest smoking rates (6%) whereas stationary engineers (i.e. those who operate steam turbines, boilers or refrigeration machinery) had the highest rates (47%).…”

Section: Tobacco Smoking By Occupation In the United Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco Smoking by Occupation in Australia and the United States: A Review of National Surveys Conducted between 1970 and 2005

Smith

2008

Ind Health

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Tobacco use represents a key issue in workplace health, and much can be learned from countries where occupational smoking data has been regularly collected on a national basis. This article reviews national smoking surveys previously conducted in Australia and the United States between 1970 and 2005, and examines their relevance to the field of occupational tobacco control. When the first preliminary research was undertaken over 35 years ago, tobacco smoking was a regular feature in the general population of both countries, albeit with higher rates often documented among blue collar workers. Recent national investigations however, suggest that certain historical differences in smoking prevalence rates by occupation are persisting as we enter the 21st century. Detailed examination also indicates that employee sub-groups, such as cleaners and construction workers, are now bearing much of the occupational smoking burden in Australia and the United States. As such, there is an urgent need for more aggressive and finely targeted tobacco control activities in the workplace, as well as increased cooperation between tobacco control organizations, labor unions and other stakeholders, so that they may more effectively combat this ongoing threat to workers' health.Key words: Smoking, Occupation, Tobacco, Australia, United States, Survey, Epidemiology decrease absenteeism and increase productivity among staff 17) .Even so, one of the major historical conundrums in occupational tobacco control is the fact that smoking rates are not evenly distributed across all job categories 18) . Indeed, during recent years, growing disparities in tobacco consumption have become increasingly apparent across many occupational subgroups 19) . Although community smoking rates are declining in many countries, certain occupational groups, such as blue-collar workers, still continue to use tobacco at high rates when compared to their white collar counterparts 19) . Unfortunately, many of the impressive reductions in community smoking rates achieved last century have largely bypassed the blue collar workforce. Given the fact that the workplace represents an ideal location for anti-smoking programs among staff [15][16][17] , occupational smoking studies have an important role in identifying exactly which workplaces would most benefit from tobacco control interventions. In order to most effectively distribute and target preventive health care efforts at a national level therefore, accurate and upto-date information on national tobacco smoking rates by job category are essential.From an epidemiological perspective, there is also the critical issue of statistical confounding in occupational mortality studies, given the fact that tobacco plays such a major role in the development of many chronic workplace diseases. Smoking and occupation are known to be substantially confounded 20,21) , and a lack of accurate data may lead to biased assessments of the relationship between disease and occupational exposures 22) , particularly when the occupat...

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Section: Tobacco Smoking By Occupation In the United Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco Smoking by Occupation in Australia and the United States: A Review of National Surveys Conducted between 1970 and 2005

Smith

2008

Ind Health

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“…Both of these sampling frames have been shown to achieve greater than 95% coverage of the intended population. 20,21 Of the 999 eligible controls under the age of 65 years, 817 participated (82% response rate), whereas 1617 of 2036 eligible controls aged 65 years or more participated (79% response rate). Of the 2434 controls, 2064 were selfrespondents, 243 were proxies, and 127 were not determined.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index, physical activity, and risk of renal cell carcinoma

et al. 2006

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Objective: To investigate the association between obesity and risk of renal cell carcinoma and to examine whether the association is modified by physical activity. Subjects: A population-based case-control study of 406 patients with renal cell carcinoma and 2434 controls conducted in Iowa. Methods: Information was collected on weight at the ages 20-29, 40-49, and 60-69 years, height, nonoccupational physical activity, diet, and other lifestyle factors. Renal cell carcinoma risk was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, total energy intake, and other confounding factors. Results: Height and total energy intake were not associated with risk in either sex. In men, neither physical activity nor level of obesity in any period of life was significantly associated with risk. In women, lower physical activity was associated with higher risk (OR ¼ 2.5; 95% CI ¼ 1.2-5.2 comparing exercise o1 time/month to 41 time/day). Compared with women in the lowest quartile for BMI, the risks of renal cell carcinoma for women in the highest 10% of BMI in their 20s, 40s, and 60s were 1.4 (CI ¼ 0.6-3.1), 1.9 (CI ¼ 0.9-4.2), and 2.3 (CI ¼ 0.9-6.0), respectively. When analyses were limited to self-respondent data, the corresponding ORs were 2.9 (CI ¼ 1.2-7.4), 3.2 (CI ¼ 1.3-7.5), and 2.1 (CI ¼ 0.7-6.4), respectively. There was little evidence that physical activity modifies the association of BMI with renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Nonoccupational physical activity was inversely associated and obesity was positively associated with risk of renal cell carcinoma among women. The risk appeared to be greater for women in the highest 10% of BMI in their 40s. Our finding of little evidence of an interaction between physical activity and BMI requires confirmation.

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“…Only a few publications regarding procedures and results of quality control during data collection have been found in the biomedical literature [15]. In the context of a case-control study, Hartge et al [16] reported a quality check of obtained interview data which entailed recontacting probands via telephone to repeat key questions of the main interview. For another case-control study, semi-annual site visits and weekly phone contacts were reported as measures for quality control [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of Quality Control in the German Component of the EPIC Study

et al. 1999

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Quality control is an indispensable part of quality assurance in any study, intending to ensure high standards during data acquisition. The aim of this paper is to describe the measures of quality control undertaken in the German EPIC study centers and to present selected results of these procedures (EPIC = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). For all data assessment tools applied in the German EPIC study, procedures were developed to monitor both the personnel as well as the technical instruments. These procedures combined quantitative and qualitative measurements of quality control. Interviewer performance was evaluated through direct observation and rated according to an evaluation score. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were both controlled through direct observation of measurement procedures as well as through periodical technical control of measurement devices. Blood sampling procedures were directly monitored and subsequent handling of the probes tightly recorded, including information on time sequence of work-up and room temperature. With these diverse control measurements and the obtained rating of assessment procedures a broad pool of information has been made available to support a critical evaluation of the data obtained in the EPIC study centers in Heidelberg and Potsdam.

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Design and methods in a multi-center case-control interview study.

Cited by 68 publications

References 18 publications

Tobacco Smoking by Occupation in Australia and the United States: A Review of National Surveys Conducted between 1970 and 2005

Tobacco Smoking by Occupation in Australia and the United States: A Review of National Surveys Conducted between 1970 and 2005

Body mass index, physical activity, and risk of renal cell carcinoma

Measures of Quality Control in the German Component of the EPIC Study

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