Design and Optimization of a Novel Method for Assessment of the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord by Multipulse Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Horses

Journée, Sanne Lotte; Journée, H. L.; Bruijn, Cornelis Marinus de; Delesalle, Cathérine

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.014

Cited by 7 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…With TES, this can be compensated by the application of multipulse stimulation ( Journée et al, 2007 ). Multipulse TES has also shown to be effective in horses ( Journée et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Muscle MEPs From Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation and Appearance of Reflexes in Horses

Journée

Berends³

et al. 2020

Front. Neurosci.

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Introduction Transcranial electrical (TES) and magnetic stimulation (TMS) are both used for assessment of the motor function of the spinal cord in horses. Muscular motor evoked potentials (mMEP) were compared intra-individually for both techniques in five healthy horses. mMEPs were measured twice at increasing stimulation intensity steps over the extensor carpi radialis (ECR), tibialis cranialis (TC), and caninus muscles. Significance was set at p < 0.05. To support the hypothesis that both techniques induce extracranially elicited mMEPs, literature was also reviewed. Results Both techniques show the presence of late mMEPs below the transcranial threshold appearing as extracranially elicited startle responses. The occurrence of these late mMEPs is especially important for interpretation of TMS tracings when coil misalignment can have an additional influence. Mean transcranial motor latency times (MLT; synaptic delays included) and conduction velocities (CV) of the ECR and TC were significantly different between both techniques: respectively, 4.2 and 5.5 ms (MLT TMS – -MLT TES ), and −7.7 and −9.9 m/s (CV TMS -CV TES ). TMS and TES show intensity-dependent latency decreases of, respectively, −2.6 (ECR) and −2.7 ms (TC)/30% magnetic intensity and −2.6 (ECR) and −3.2 (TC) ms/30V. When compared to TMS, TES shows the lowest coefficients of variation and highest reproducibility and accuracy for MLTs. This is ascribed to the fact that TES activates a lower number of cascaded interneurons, allows for multipulse stimulation, has an absence of coil repositioning errors, and has less sensitivity for varying degrees of background muscle tonus. Real axonal conduction times and conduction velocities are most closely approximated by TES. Conclusion Both intracranial and extracranial mMEPs inevitably carry characteristics of brainstem reflexes. To avoid false interpretations, transcranial mMEPs can be identified by a stepwise latency shortening of 15–20 ms when exceeding the transcranial motor threshold at increasing stimulation intensities. A ring block around the vertex is advised to reduce interference by extracranial mMEPs. mMEPs reflect the functional integrity of the route along the brainstem nuclei, extrapyramidal motor tracts, propriospinal neurons, and motoneurons. The corticospinal tract appears subordinate in horses. TMS and TES are interchangeable for assessing the functional integrity of motor functions of the spinal cord. However, TES reveals significantly shorter MLTs, higher conduction velocities, and better reproducibility.

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“…With TES, this can be compensated by the application of multipulse stimulation ( Journée et al, 2007 ). Multipulse TES has also shown to be effective in horses ( Journée et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Muscle MEPs From Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation and Appearance of Reflexes in Horses

Journée

Berends³

et al. 2020

Front. Neurosci.

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“…Conclusions: A previous study in horses has shown REM-sleep occurs every night and only in a recumbent position, which can be explained by the decreased muscle tone during this sleep stage [1]. This study suggests 'narcolepsy' of adult horses is not a neurological disorder but rather a REM-sleep deficiency due to recumbent sleep deprivation caused by illness, ethological deficits or husbandry shortcomings.…”

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confidence: 63%

“…Electroencephalograms and videos were analysed for 27 nights. Reasons for performing study: Early results in seven horses receiving percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) neuromodulation for trigeminal-mediated headshaking were positive, with no significant adverse effects and medium-term remission in five horses [1]. Longer term follow-up and data from a greater number of horses is required.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods: All hospitals currently trained to use PENS neuromodulation were involved. Trigeminal-mediated head-shakers were treated with at least three PENS neuromodulatory procedures [1]. History including known seasonality, numbers of procedures performed per horse and adverse effects were recorded prospectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conclusions: PENS neuromodulation is a safe procedure, resulting in useful remission in approximately one-third of cases. [1]. For TMS, the circular coil was positioned with the frontal rim covering the vertex of the head so that the induced biphasic TMS currents agreed with the course of the TES currents.…”

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confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS) Neuromodulation for the Management of Trigeminal‐Mediated Headshaking: Results from 48 horses at Five Referral Centres, Since 2013

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Design and Optimization of a Novel Method for Assessment of the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord by Multipulse Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Horses

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Comparison of Muscle MEPs From Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation and Appearance of Reflexes in Horses

Comparison of Muscle MEPs From Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation and Appearance of Reflexes in Horses

Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS) Neuromodulation for the Management of Trigeminal‐Mediated Headshaking: Results from 48 horses at Five Referral Centres, Since 2013

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Horses

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