Design and sampling methodology for a large study of preschool children's aggregate exposures to persistent organic pollutants in their everyday environments

Wilson, Nancy K.; Chuang, Jane C.; Iachan, Ronaldo; Lyu, Cancan; Gordon, Sydney M.; Morgan, Marsha K.; Özkaynak, Halûk; Sheldon, Linda

doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500326

Cited by 56 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The participants included 135 children who stayed home during the day with their adult caregivers and 122 children who attended daycare during the day while their adult caregivers worked outside the home. The study design for the CTEPP study has been previously described by Wilson et al (2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways

Morgan

Sheldon

Thomas

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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In this study, we investigated the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide exposures of 135 preschool-aged children and their adult caregivers at 135 homes in North Carolina (NC) and Ohio (OH). Participants were randomly recruited from six NC and six OH counties. Monitoring was performed over a 48-h period at the participants' homes. Environmental samples included soil, outdoor air, indoor air, and carpet dust. Personal samples collected by the adult caregivers concerning themselves and their children consisted of solid food, liquid food, hand wipe, and spot urine samples. All samples were analyzed for 2,4-D (free acid form) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 2,4-D was detected in all types of environmental samples but most often in carpet dust samples, with detection frequencies of 83% and 98% in NC and OH, respectively. The median level of 2,4-D in the carpet dust samples was about three times higher in OH homes compared to NC homes (156 vs. 47.5 ng/g, Po0.0002). For personal samples, 2,4-D was more frequently detected in the hand wipe samples from OH participants (448%) than from NC participants (o9%). Hand wipe levels at the 95th percentile were about five times higher for OH children (0.1 ng/cm 2 ) and adults (0.03 ng/cm 2 ) than for the NC children (0.02 ng/cm 2 ) and adults (o0.005 ng/cm 2 ). 2,4-D was detected in more than 85% of the child and adult urine samples in both states. The median urinary 2,4-D concentration was more than twice as high for OH children compared to NC children (1.2 vs. 0.5 ng/ml, Po0.0001); however, the median concentration was identical at 0.7 ng/ml for both NC and OH adults. The intraclass correlation coefficient of reliability for an individual's urinary 2,4-D measurements, estimated from the unadjusted (0.31-0.62) and specific gravity-adjusted (0.37-0.73) values, were somewhat low for each group in this study. The variability in urinary 2,4-D measurements over the 48-h period for both children and adults in NC and OH suggests that several spot samples were needed to adequately assess these participants' exposures to 2,4-D in residential settings. Results from this study showed that children and their adult caregivers in NC and OH were likely exposed to 2,4-D through several pathways at their homes. In addition, our findings suggest that the OH children might have been exposed to higher levels of 2,4-D through the dermal and nondietary routes of exposure than the NC children and the NC and OH adults.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways

Morgan

Sheldon

Thomas

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Although recent research efforts have collected much needed data to improve our understanding of the potential exposures of young children in their homes, child care centers, and other environments (Zartarian et al, 1995(Zartarian et al, , 1997(Zartarian et al, , 1998Bradman et al, 1997Bradman et al, , 2007Byrne et al, 1998;Gurunathan et al, 1998;Landrigan et al, 1999;Adgate et al, 2000Adgate et al, , 2001Fenske et al, 2000bFenske et al, , 2002Freeman et al, 2001;Lu et al, 2001;MacIntosh et al, 2001;Pang et al, 2002;Clayton et al, 2003;Curl et al, 2003;Duggan et al, 2003;Shalat et al, 2003;Wilson et al, 2003Wilson et al, , 2004Hore et al, 2005;Morgan et al, 2005;Perera et al, 2006), it is not clear what factors most influence a child's potential exposure to pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimedia measurements and activity patterns in an observational pilot study of nine young children

Tulve

Egeghy

Fortmann

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A pilot observational exposure study was performed to evaluate methods for collecting multimedia measurements (air, dust, food, urine) and activity patterns to assess potential exposures of young children to pesticides in their homes. Nine children (mean age ¼ 5 years) and their caregivers participated in this study, performed in the Duval County, Florida, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Duval County Health Department. For all nine children, the total time reported for sleeping and napping ranged from 9.5 to 14 h per day, indoor quiet time from 0 to 5.5 h per day, indoor active time from 0.75 to 5.5 h per day, outdoor quiet time from 0 to 1.5 h per day, and outdoor active time from 0.5 to 6.5 h per day. Each home had one to three pesticide products present, with aerosols being most common. Pesticide inventories, however, were not useful for predicting pesticide levels in the home. Synthetic pyrethroids were the most frequently identified active ingredients in the products present in each home. Fifteen pesticide active ingredients were measured in the application area wipes (not detected (ND) to 580 ng/cm 2 ), 13 in the play area wipes (ND-117 ng/cm 2 ), and 14 in the indoor air samples (ND-378 ng/m 3 ) and the socks (ND-1000 ng/cm 2 ). Cis-permethrin, trans-permethrin, and cypermethrin were measured in all nine homes. Chlorpyrifos was measured in all nine homes even though it was not reported used by the participants. All urine samples contained measurable concentrations of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). The median 3-PBA urinary concentration for the nine children was 2.2 mg/l. A wide variety of pesticide active ingredients were measured in these nine homes at median concentrations that were often higher than reported previously in similar studies. These data highlight the need for additional observational studies in regions where pesticides are used in order to understand the factors that affect young children's exposures and the education/mitigation strategies that can be used to reduce children's exposures.

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“…A substantially larger study of 129 children was published in 2005 (Morgan et al, 2005). Thus, the CTEPP study as reviewed here will focus on the single larger study of Morgan et al (2005) with study design and methods described in the earlier report (Wilson et al, 2004). The design for the larger cohort study was similar to that described earlier for the nine day-care children (indoor and outdoor air, house dust, soil, hand wipes, liquid and solid food, and several spot urine samples from each child/household/day Rural agricultural, CA 49 ± NR; 1200 NR <1 N R # As cited in (table 7).…”

Section: Vb3 Children's Total Exposure To Persistent Pesticides Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Toxicology of Chlorpyrifos With an Emphasis on Human Exposure and Neurodevelopment

Eaton¹,

Daroff²,

Autrup³

et al. 2008

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

576

413

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Design and sampling methodology for a large study of preschool children's aggregate exposures to persistent organic pollutants in their everyday environments

Cited by 56 publications

References 49 publications

Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways

Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways

Multimedia measurements and activity patterns in an observational pilot study of nine young children

Review of the Toxicology of Chlorpyrifos With an Emphasis on Human Exposure and Neurodevelopment

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