Design of anthropomorphic atherosclerotic carotid artery flow phantoms for ultrasound images

Biomimicking Atherosclerotic Vessels: A Relevant and (Yet) Sub-Explored Topic

“…Nevertheless, poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel (PVA-C) is the most explored vessel-mimicking material to produce atherosclerotic phantoms in the optimization of US systems ( Figure 3 ). Several studies report its utilization, with results proving its feasibility [ 22 , 35 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…Aluminum oxide powder was used to simulate acoustic scattering properties, and benzalkonium chloride was the antimicrobial agent. Accurate measurements of lumen diameters allowed one to conclude that these phantoms provided a realistic US acquisition setup to efficiently conduct US-based investigations, with the advantage of being very flexible regarding applicability, reproducibility, and economics [ 41 ].…”

A Review of Carotid Artery Phantoms for Doppler Ultrasound Applications

“…A more robust method for fabricating atherosclerotic phantom was done using better ingredients for producing TMM and BMF. [ 55 ] Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software was used to realized a 3-D carotid artery phantom from which a mold was modeled consisting of an outer vessel mold (ABS plastic) and an inner core (soluble filament) to produce the artery lumen. This method was used to produce two other phantoms with hyper echoic or hard plaques (30% stenosis) and hypo echoic or soft plaques (65% stenosis).…”

Design and Prototype Development of a Low-cost Blood Flow Simulator for Vascular Phantoms

“…Such transducer has a measurement range from 0.4 ml/min to 8000 ml/min, maximum precision of 3% of reading, response time better than 0.1 seconds and an ABS plastic case. Finally, 4) the CaP is the one described in [2].…”

“…The CaPs used in the current work have been developed at the University of Bologna [2]. In particular, such phantoms are made by three main parts that simulate real vascular system: vessel, tissue around vessel and blood.…”