Design of Solid‐contact Ion‐selective Electrode with Graphene Transducer Layer for the Determination of Flavoxate Hydrochloride in Dosage Form and in Spiked Human Plasma

Abstract

Eco-friendly solid-contact ion selective electrode was fabricated and optimized for the determination of flavoxate hydrochloride in presence of its main metabolite. The process is based on carbon screen printed electrode and polyvinyl chloride polymeric sensing membrane. The first optimization step involved the ionophore selection through screening various ionophores, where calix[4]arene showed the highest affinity towards flavoxate. The second step, a graphene nanocomposite interlayer was employed as the ion-to-electron transducer between the carbon electrode and the polymeric ion sensing membrane. The graphene layer decreased the potential drift down to < 500 μV/h and improved the electrode stability.

Design of Copper Microfabricated Potentiometric Sensor for in‐line Monitoring of Neostigmine Degradation Kinetics

“…Sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB), calix [4]arene (CX4), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (2-NPOE) was acquired from Fluka Chemie GmbH, (St. Louis, MO, USA).…”

“…In a stoppered glass tube, 190 mg PVC was precisely blended with 10 mg sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB), 10 mg calix [4]arene (CX4) as ionophore and 0.4 mL of 2-NPOE. The homogenized mixture was then dissolved by shaking with 6 mL THF to get the appropriate liquid membranes.…”

“…In view of these global trends, it seems more challenging to establish an analytical technique for real time measurements. The electrochemical sensors are characterized by being eco‐friendly, energy saving in addition to their compatibility with microfabrication tools [4]. They could be effectively used as benign real time analyzers that follow the green analytical chemistry requirements [5].…”

Performance Comparison of Solid Lead Ion Electrodes with Different Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Electron-Ion Exchangers

“…The characteristics of the electrode showed that the ion-to-electron transduction and the potential stability were promoted [ 23 , 24 ]. Amr M. Mahmoud fabricated an eco-friendly solid-contact selective electrode with GR as an electron-ion exchanger for the determination of flavoxate hydrochloride; the prepared electrode showed little potential drift and good stability in comparison with the electrode without the graphene layer [ 25 ]. Surface groups were produced in the carbon-based nanomaterials by purification, carboxylation and chemical modification [ 22 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

“…Amr M. Mahmoud fabricated an eco-friendly solid-contact selective electrode with GR as an electron-ion exchanger for the determination of flavoxate hydrochloride; the prepared electrode showed little potential drift and good stability in comparison with the electrode without the graphene layer [ 25 ]. Surface groups were produced in the carbon-based nanomaterials by purification, carboxylation and chemical modification [ 22 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The carboxylated and modified nanomaterials were suitable as substrates for reacting with specific ions, but the structural damage would reduce their mechanical properties.…”