“…According to (Saccani, Johansson, and Perona 2007;Amini, Retzlaff-Roberts, and Bienstock 2005;Wilson, Bostrom, and Lundin 1999), after sales service have been categorized into three main activities; 1) field technical assistance, encompassing, installations, training, product upgrade, software services, check-up, routine maintenance, repairs (warranty work and out of warranty repairs), and product disposal, 2) spare parts distribution, spare part inventory management, delivery of spare parts, direct and reverse flows, and customer order management, 3) customer care, providing technical and commercial information and services such as product registration, warranty extension, and complaint management to end users. Examples of manufacturing based services include payment plan services, installation, maintenance, repair, spare parts supply, basic and extended warranties, training, online, phone, consulting, upgrade… etc.…”