Designing Novel LiDAR-Detectable Plate-Type Materials: Synthesis, Chemistry, and Practical Application for Autonomous Working Environment

Abstract

Plate-type hollow black TiO 2 (HL/BT) with a high NIR reflectance was fabricated for the first time as a LiDARdetectable black material. A TiO 2 layer was formed on commercialgrade glass by using the sol−gel method to obtain a plate-type structure. The glass template was then etched with hydrofluoric acid to form a hollow structure, and blackness was further achieved through NaBH 4 reduction, which altered the oxidation state of TiO 2 to black Ti x O 2x−1 or Ti 4+ to Ti 3+ and Ti 2+ . The blackness of the HL/BT material was maintained by a novel approach that involved etching prior to reduction. The thickness of the TiO 2 layer was controlled to maximize the NIR reflectance when applied as paint. The HL/BT material with a thickness of 140 nm (HL/ BT140) showed a blackness (L*) of 13.3 and high NIR reflectance of 23.6% at a wavelength of 905 nm. This is attributed to the effective light reflection at the interface created by the TiO 2 layer and the hollow structure. Plate-type HL/BT140 provides excellent spreadability, durability, and thermal stability in practical paint applications compared with sphere-type materials due to the higher contacting area to the applied surface, making it suitable for use as a LiDAR-detectable inorganic black pigment in autonomous environments.