“…assessment systems with a longitudinal design, only have baseline measurements referring to the beginning of the 1st grade/2nd year ( BROOKE; BONAMINO, 2011) or at the end of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd years of Elementary School (SOARES et al, 2017;CASTRO, 2016), which brings us to the second gap in Brazilian studies: the almost total lack of information about inequalities or the effect of family origin on children's cognitive development at the beginning of the current compulsory schooling. In Brazil, despite the recent expansion of access to early childhood education -and the expansion of compulsory education for children aged 4 and 5, this level of education still remains far removed from discussions on educational inequalities (RODRIGUES; MUANIS, 2020; KOSLINSKI; BARTHOLO, 2019BARTHOLO, , 2020. Finally, longitudinal studies, mainly developed in the USA and the United Kingdom, investigating children who attend preschool and/or at the beginning of compulsory education, observed, in the development of these children, inequalities related not only to SES but also to internal processes of families; that is, learning opportunities that adults provide for children in the family context (SYLVA et al, 2010;SAMMONS et al, 2008;RODRIGUEZ;TAMIS-LEMONDA, 2011).…”