Desirability function approach for the optimization of an in-syringe ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction method for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine and nifedipine in plasma samples

Abstract

In the present study, an in-syringe ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction using a low-density organic solvent was developed for simultaneous extraction and pre-concentration of amlodipine besylate and nifedipine from plasma samples. The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Central composite design combined with desirability function was applied to find out the optimal experimental conditions providing the highest global extraction efficiency. The optimal conditions identified were volume of the extracting solvent 45 μL, ionic strength 18.95% w/v, sonication time 2.58 min, and centrifugation time 3 min. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method was evaluated, and applied to the analysis of amlodipine besylate and nifedipine in plasma samples. The validation results of the method indicated a wide linear range (2-1200 ng/mL) with a good linearity (r(2) >0.9991) and low detection limits (0.17 ng/mL for amlodipine besylate and 0.15 ng/mL for nifedipine) with RSD less than 5.2% for both components, both in intra- and inter-day precision studies. The applicability of the proposed in-syringe ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection method was demonstrated by analyzing the drugs in spiked plasma samples.

Determination of trace macrolide antibiotics in milk with online solid‐phase extraction with an ionic‐liquid‐based monolithic column

“…Therefore, as a crucial step for the whole chromatographic analysis of biological matrices, the sample pretreatment for protein, including fat removal and analyte enrichment, is required. 3,[7][8][9] There are many methods for preparing pharmaceuticals at different concentrations; these include protein precipitation, supercritical fluid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, molecularly imprinted extraction, and solid-phase extraction (SPE). Among them, SPE is one of the most practical technologies for sample preparation.…”

The optimization of Marasmius androsaceus submerged fermentation conditions in five-liter fermentor

“…Moreover, in our group, desirability function combining Plackett–Burman design and Box–Behnken design was successfully applied to optimize submerged fermentation medium of Paecilomyces tenuipes N45 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Dong et al, 2012, Du et al, 2012). Similar to previous studies, desirability function is employed to unite several response data into one expected value which served as the assessment criteria (Dong et al, 2012, Du et al, 2012, Heidari et al, 2014). Generally, following with Plackett–Burman design which is used to identify the important process variables (Giordano et al, 2011), Box–Behnken design is further applied to optimize selected variables and quantify the functional relationship between measured response values and explanatory factors (Dalvand et al, 2014, Safi et al, 2015).…”