Detecting bacterial infections in wounds: a review of biosensors and wearable sensors in comparison with conventional laboratory methods

Abstract

Bacterial infection is a common impediment towards wound healing. Detecting bacterial infections is important to promote wound healing and curb chronic non-healing wounds. In this review, we firstly discuss bacterial...

Clinical Diagnostics of Bacterial Infections and Their Resistance to Antibiotics—Current State and Whole Genome Sequencing Implementation Perspectives

“…Besides that, correct pathogen identification based on culture often requires vast expertise, which might lead to inaccurate diagnosis [ 27 ]. To minimize such inaccuracy in biochemical methods, analytical profile index (API) tests [ 28 ] and automated systems such as VITEK (bioMerieux, Inc., Marcy-l’Étoile, France) have been developed [ 29 ].…”

Animal tissue-derived biomaterials for promoting wound healing

“…If this keeps happening, the wound can become chronic and stop healing. [43][44][45][46] Therefore, it is vital to remove the contaminating microbes during the inflammation phase. In recent decades, numerous antibacterial agents have been developed and the existence of antibacterial materials could be classified into the following types: antibiotics, antibacterial nanoparticles and others.…”

“…The presence of Gram-positive bacteria is notable in the early stages of infection, whereas Gram-negative bacteria appear in the stably established wounds. 43,45,46 According to the findings of recent clinical trials, using contemporary wound dressings may be the most convenient, affordable, and successful way to treat unhealed wounds. As a result, wound dressing development has a lot of potential.…”

Stimuli-Activable Metal-Bearing Nanomaterials and Precise On-Demand Antibacterial Strategies

“…It has been reported that adhesion proteins present on the surface of bacteria are rich in hydrophobic domains, which make them easy to adhere to hydrophobic interfaces, thereby causing infection. , According to the hydrophobic characteristics of the bacterial surface, hydrophobic antibacterial agents are expected to target bacteria through hydrophobic interaction to achieve high-efficiency antibacterial effects. , For instance, Yang and his team prepared a thermosensitive gel layer (TRGL)-containing, MOF-derived nanocarbon-based ZnO-CNP-TRGL composite that offers hydrophobic interaction to target bacteria and exhibits NIR-responsive photothermal activity and Zn 2+ releasing activity . The TRGL possessed high hydrophilicity at room temperature, which makes the ZnO-CNP-TRGL well dispersed and thus having low bacterial interaction ability.…”

“…Common wound infections can occur in burn wounds, combat-related wounds, surgical wounds, or chronic wounds like diabetic ulcers . With the aggravation of infection, pus may appear at the wound site and may eventually lead to nonhealing of the wound, which not only affects the patient’s normal life but also creates substantial financial burden . Thus, bacterial infection of wounds should be detected and treated as soon as possible.…”