Detecting Glaucoma Worsening Using Optical Coherence Tomography Derived Visual Field Estimates

Abstract

Objective: Multiple studies have attempted to generate visual field (VF) mean deviation (MD) estimates using cross-sectional optical coherence tomography (OCT) data. However, whether such models offer any value in detecting longitudinal VF progression is unclear. We address this by developing a machine learning (ML) model to convert OCT data to MD and assessing its ability to detect longitudinal worsening. Design: Retrospective, longitudinal study Participants: A model dataset of 70,575 paired OCT/VFs to train an ML model converting OCT to VF-MD. A separate progression dataset of 4,044 eyes with ≥ 5 paired OCT/VFs to assess the ability of OCT-derived MD to detect worsening. Progression dataset eyes had two additional unpaired VFs (≥ 7 total) to establish a 'ground truth' rate of progression defined by MD slope. Methods: We trained an ML model using paired VF/OCT data to estimate MD measurements for each OCT scan (OCT-MD). We used this ML model to generate longitudinal OCT-MD estimates for progression dataset eyes. We calculated MD slopes after substituting/supplementing VF-MD with OCT-MD and measured the ability to detect progression. We labeled true progressors using a ground truth MD slope <0.5 dB/year calculated from ≥ 7 VF-MD measurements. We compared the area under the curve (AUC) of MD slopes calculated using both VF-MD (with <7 measurements) and OCT-MD. Because we found OCT-MD substitution had a statistically inferior AUC to VF-MD, we simulated the effect of reducing OCT-MD mean absolute error (MAE) on the ability to detect worsening. Main Outcome Measures: AUC Results: OCT-MD estimates had an MAE of 1.62 dB. AUC of MD slopes with partial OCT-MD substitution was significantly worse than the VF-MD slope. Supplementing VF-MD with OCT-MD also did not improve AUC, regardless of MAE. OCT-MD estimates needed an MAE ≤ 1.00 dB before AUC was statistically similar to VF-MD alone. Conclusion: ML models converting OCT data to VF-MD with error levels lower than published in prior work (MAE: 1.62 dB) were inferior to VF-MD data for detecting trend-based VF progression. Models converting OCT data to VF-MD must achieve better prediction errors (MAE ≤ 1 dB) to be clinically valuable at detecting VF worsening.