Detecting gravitational lensing in hierarchical triples in galactic nuclei with space-borne gravitational-wave observatories

Yu, Hang; Wang, Yijun; Seymour, Brian C.; Chen, Yanbei

doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.103011

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…One major difference between our work and the earlier ones on the magnification of GWs by SMBHs (e.g. Kocsis 2013;Gondán & Kocsis 2022;Yu et al 2021) is that we studied the angular dependence of the gravitational lensing effect. Therefore, we found that in the majority of the directions the GWs will be, in fact, demagnified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Another interesting result is that at large distances (right panel) a redshifted null geodesic could overlap with a blueshifted one. An observer in such a special direction could detect two "images" with a time delay, as previous works have pointed out (Kocsis 2013;Gondán & Kocsis 2022;Yu et al 2021). However, our result indicates that the two images will appear to have different masses in the detector frame (also different distances, see Section 3.1).…”

Section: Calculating the Redshiftmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This difference may further prevent us from finding echoes that are physically associated with the same source (e.g. Kocsis 2013;Gondán & Kocsis 2022;Yu et al 2021), in addition to the reason we have pointed out in Section 2.3.…”

Section: Magnification As a Function Of Viewing Anglementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of magnification was noticed soon after Weber claimed detection of GW signals coming from the Galactic Centre (Weber 1970) and was originally proposed to explain the apparent high power of the GW source (Campbell & Matzner 1973;Lawrence 1973;Ohanian 1973). More recent studies showed that the same effect can also produce echoes (Kocsis 2013;Gondán & Kocsis 2022;Yu et al 2021) and repeated bursts of GWs (D'Orazio & Loeb 2020). However, the lens equation used in these earlier works is derived under the assumption that the source is far from the lens (Ohanian 1973;Virbhadra & Ellis 2000;Bozza & Mancini 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The appearance of a merging binary black hole very close to a spinning supermassive black hole

Zhang¹,

Chen²

2023

Preprint

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The mass and distance of a binary black hole (BBH) are fundamental parameters to measure in gravitational-wave (GW) astronomy. It is well-known that the measurement is affected by cosmological redshift, and recent works also showed that Doppler and gravitational redshifts could further affect the result if the BBH coalesces close to a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Here we consider the additional lensing effect induced by the nearby SMBH on the measurement. We compute the null geodesics originating within 10 gravitational radii of a Kerr SMBH to determine the redshift and magnification of the GWs emitted by the BBH. We find a positive correlation between redshift and demagnification, which results in a positive correlation between the mass and distance of the BBH in the detector frame. More importantly, we find a higher probability for the signal to appear redshifted and demagnified to a distant observer, rather than blueshifted and magnified. Based on these results, we show that a binary at a cosmological redshift of 𝑧 cos = (10 −2 − 10 −1 ) and composed of BHs of (10 − 20) 𝑀 could masquerade as a BBH at a redshift of 𝑧 cos ∼ 1 and containing BHs as large as (44 − 110) 𝑀 . In the case of extreme demagnification, we also find that the same BBH could appear to be at 𝑧 cos > 10 and contain subsolar-mass BHs. Such an effect, if not accounted for, could bias our understanding of the origin of the BHs detected via GWs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Calculating the Redshiftmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Magnification As a Function Of Viewing Anglementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The appearance of a merging binary black hole very close to a spinning supermassive black hole

Zhang¹,

Chen²

2023

Preprint

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show abstract

“…The variation in the distance between the emitter and the observer causes a Doppler shift in the arrival time of GW pulses, the gravitational time dilation causes relativistic Doppler shift and gravitational redshift, whilst the SMBH gravitational field causes a delay in the time arrival of the GW signal. The aforementioned three effects, called Roemer, Einstein, and Shapiro delay [533], causes a shift in the measured GW signal that might be measurable in both low- [498,[534][535][536][537][538][539] and high-frequency detectors [165,540,541].…”

Section: Supermassive Black Hole Acceleration Encoded In the Gravitat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quiescent and Active Galactic Nuclei as Factories of Merging Compact Objects in the Era of Gravitational Wave Astronomy

Sedda

Naoz

Kocsis³

2023

Universe

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Galactic nuclei harbouring a central supermassive black hole (SMBH), possibly surrounded by a dense nuclear cluster (NC), represent extreme environments that house a complex interplay of many physical processes that uniquely affect stellar formation, evolution, and dynamics. The discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) emitted by merging black holes (BHs) and neutron stars (NSs), funnelled a huge amount of work focused on understanding how compact object binaries (COBs) can pair up and merge together. Here, we review from a theoretical standpoint how different mechanisms concur with the formation, evolution, and merger of COBs around quiescent SMBHs and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), summarising the main predictions for current and future (GW) detections and outlining the possible features that can clearly mark a galactic nuclei origin.

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Strongly Lensed Transient Sources: A Review

Liao¹,

Biesiada²,

Zhu³

2022

Chinese Phys. Lett.

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The past decades have witnessed a lot of progress in gravitational lensing with two main targets: stars and galaxies (with active galactic nuclei). The success is partially attributed to the continuous luminescence of these sources making the detection and monitoring relatively easy. With the running of ongoing and upcoming large facilities/surveys in various electromagnetic and gravitational-wave bands, the era of time-domain surveys would guarantee constant detection of strongly lensed explosive transient events, for example, supernovae in all types, gamma ray bursts with afterglows in all bands, fast radio bursts and even gravitational waves. Lensed transients have many advantages over the traditional targets in studying the Universe and magnification effect helps to understand the transients themselves at high redshifts. In this review article, basing on the recent achievements in the literature, we summarize the methods of searching for different kinds of lensed transient signals, the latest results on detection and their applications in fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology. At the same time, we give supplementary comments as well as prospects of this emerging research direction that may help readers who are interested in entering this field.

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Detecting gravitational lensing in hierarchical triples in galactic nuclei with space-borne gravitational-wave observatories

Cited by 16 publications

References 72 publications

The appearance of a merging binary black hole very close to a spinning supermassive black hole

The appearance of a merging binary black hole very close to a spinning supermassive black hole

Quiescent and Active Galactic Nuclei as Factories of Merging Compact Objects in the Era of Gravitational Wave Astronomy

Strongly Lensed Transient Sources: A Review

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