Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boars of rural and urban regions in Germany and whole genome characterization of an endemic strain

Schielke, Anika; Sachs, Katja; Lierz, Michael; Appel, Bernd; Jansen, Andreas; Johne, Reimar

doi:10.1186/1743-422x-6-58

Cited by 121 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Professionals working in close proximity to swine, swine manure, or sewage, pig farm workers, hunters, and veterinary practitioners may become infected with HEV through occupational activities (18,24). HEV genotype 3 infections have been reported in developed countries in individuals who have consumed raw meat or meat products from deer, wild boars, or pigs (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HEV genotypes 3 and 4 circulate in animals and humans and they are autochthonous in several industrialised countries of Europe, North America, and in Japan (10). Domestic pigs and wild boars are the main animal reservoir of these genotypes (15,18,23), but HEV antibodies have been detected in many other animal species: rats, cats, monkeys, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, mongooses, rabbits, chickens, ferrets, bats, and deer (11,16,22,24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Weiner

Tokarska-Rodak

Plewik³

et al. 2016

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction: Although HEV infection in pigs does not pose a major economic risk to pork production, the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans is an important aspect of public health. HEV genotype 3 infections were reported in developed countries in individuals who had consumed raw meat or meat products from deer, wild boars, or pigs. The aim of the study was the analysis of the occurrence of HEV-specific antibodies among wild boars and domestic pigs in Poland. Material and Methods: A total of 290 samples from wild boars and 143 samples from pigs were tested. The antibodies were tested by ELISA. Results: The presence of anti-HEV IgG was demonstrated in 44.1% of pigs and 31.0% of wild boars. Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in 1.4% of samples from pigs and in 2.1% of samples from wild boars at borderline level. The statistical analysis shows significant differences in the positive results for anti-HEV IgG between the groups of pigs and wild boars (P = 0.0263). Conclusion: Regular surveillance of the occurrence of HEV in swine and wild boars should be performed in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Weiner

Tokarska-Rodak

Plewik³

et al. 2016

Journal of Veterinary Research

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“…For further analysis, a 1 : 10 faecal suspension was prepared using PBS and stored at 280 uC. A liver suspension from a wild boar containing HEV genotype 3 strain wbGER27 (Schielke et al, 2009) and a liver suspension from a chicken containing avian HEV strain 05-229405- (Bilic et al, 2009 were centrifuged at 4190 g for 5 min and the supernatants were stored at 280 uC.Negative-stain and solid-phase immunoelectron microscopy.The supernatants of the faecal samples were applied to carbon-coated, polioform, 400-mesh copper grids (Plano) for 10 min, fixed with 2.5 % aqueous glutaraldehyde solution for 1 min, stained with 2 % aqueous uranyl acetate solution for 1 min and examined by transmission electron microscopy using a JEM-1010 microscope (JOEL) at 80 kV accelerated voltage.For immunoelectron microscopy, grids were incubated for 30 min in a solution containing 20 mg protein A (Sigma) ml 21 . Thereafter, a human serum, which had tested positive for HEV-specific antibodies using a recomBlot HEV IgG immunoblot assay (Mikrogen), was added at a 1 : 50 dilution to the grid for 30 min.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR

Johne

Plenge‐Bönig

Heß

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

327

273

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Hepatitis E is a rare human disease in developed countries. It is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is probably transmitted zoonotically to humans from domestic pigs and wild boars. Multiple reports on the detection of HEV-specific antibodies in rats have suggested the presence of an HEV-related agent; however, infectious virus or a viral genome has not been demonstrated so far. Here, a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR protocol was developed capable of detecting different HEV types including those derived from wild boar and chicken. Screening of 30 faecal samples from wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Hamburg (Germany) resulted in the detection of two sequences with similarities to human, mammalian and avian HEV. Virus particles with a morphology reminiscent of HEV were demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy in one of these samples and the virus was tentatively designated rat HEV. Genome fragments with sizes of 4019 and 1545 nt were amplified from two samples. Sequence comparison with human and avian strains revealed only 59.9 and 49.9 % sequence identity, respectively. Similarly, the deduced amino acid sequence for the complete capsid protein had 56.2 and 42.9 % identity with human and avian strains, respectively. Inoculation of the samples onto three different permanent rat liver cell lines did not result in detectable virus replication as assayed by RT-PCR with cells of the fifth virus passage. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the zoonotic potential of rat HEV and to assess its suitability to serve in a laboratory rat animal model for human hepatitis E. INTRODUCTIONHepatitis E, caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a worldwide human disease that is endemic in many developing countries. In industrialized countries, sporadic cases are increasingly reported, which can be traced either to imported infections from endemic regions or to autochthonous HEV infections (Clemente-Casares et al., 2003;Dalton et al., 2008; Gyarmati et al., 2007;Purcell & Emerson, 2008). Hepatitis E is characterized by a selflimiting jaundice of varying severity, which is hard to distinguish from a hepatitis of other viral origin, and is often accompanied by non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache and pain in the upper abdomen. Although the case fatality rate of hepatitis E is low in the general population (0.5-3 %), rates of up to 20 % have been observed for pregnant women (Shrestha et al., 2007;Smith, 2001;Wichmann et al., 2008).HEV is classified as the only member of the genus Hepevirus. This genus is subdivided into four distinct genotypes and the avian HEV strains (Bilic et al., 2009), which are not included in any of the other genotypes. All mammalian HEV isolates described to date comprise the same serotype (Lu et al., 2006;Takahashi et al., 2005). The HEV virion appears as a non-enveloped icosahedral sphere of approximately 27-34 nm in diameter. The crystal structure of HEV-like particles has recently been solved (Yamashita et al., 2009). The particles are composed of a single capsid protein, whic...

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“…HEV mainly replicates in the liver of infected pigs; 0.8 to 11% pig livers sold in grocery stores in different countries have been shown to contain HEV RNA. The strong age dependence of the course of infection has not been found in wild boars as no significant differences in the HEV RNA detection rates in livers from different age classes were observed in these animals (Schielke et al, 2009). …”

Section: Hepatitis E Virus (Hev)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses

2011

EFS2

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A review of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses was performed. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified, including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria for viruses for certain food categories. Food may be contaminated by virus during all stages of the food supply chain, and transmission can occur by consumption of food contaminated during the production process (primary production, or during further processing), or contaminated by infected food handlers. Transmission of zoonotic viruses (e.g. HEV) can also occur by consumption of products of animal origin. Viruses do not multiply in foods, but may persist for extended periods of time as infectious particles in the environment, or in foods. At the EU-level it is unknown how much viral disease can be attributed to foodborne spread. The relative contribution of different sources (shellfish, fresh produce, food handler including asymptomatic shedders, food handling environment) to foodborne illness has not been determined. The Panel recommends focusing controls on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food. Also, it is recommended to introduce a microbiological criteria for viruses in bivalve molluscs, unless they are labelled "to be cooked before consumption". The criteria could be used by food business operators to validate their control options. Furthermore, it is recommended to refine the regulatory standards and monitoring approaches in order to improve public health protection. Introduction of virus microbiological criteria for classification of bivalve molluscs production areas should be considered. A virus monitoring programme for compliance with these criteria should be risk based according to the findings of a sanitary survey. KEY WORDSFood borne viruses, Norovirus, Hepatitis, Microbiological criteria, molluscs, fresh produce. SUMMARYThe European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel on Biological Hazards to initiate a self tasking issue with the purpose to provide up-to-date information on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. The BIOHAZ Panel carried out a review of the available information in the scientific literature with regards to the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses. Where possible the review covered primary production, food harvesting, food processing, and storage/retail until consumption. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of microbiological criteri...

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Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boars of rural and urban regions in Germany and whole genome characterization of an endemic strain

Cited by 121 publications

References 26 publications

Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR

Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses

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