Detection of Ovis aries papillomavirus type 2 DNA sequences in a sarcoid-like mass in the mouth of a pig

The Development of Novel Primer Sets to Specifically Amplify Each of the Five Different Deltapapillomaviruses That Cause Neoplasia after Cross-Species Infection

“…However, a proportion of sarcoids do not contain detectible BPV1 or BPV2 [7,8] suggesting the possibility that a previously unrecognized PV could have caused these neoplasms. As BPV13, BPV14, and OaPV2 have been shown to cause mesenchymal neoplasia after cross-species infection [9,10,12], these PV types are potentially global causes of equine sarcoids. The use of the currently reported primer sets will allow the detection of all five deltapapillomavirus types that are currently known to cause mesenchymal neoplasia.…”

“…The second method used to determine the type of PV present within an equine sarcoid uses consensus PCR primers to amplify DNA from a wide range of PV types followed by sequencing of the amplified DNA to determine the causative type [19,24]. As the commonly used consensus primers, such as FAP59/64 or MY09/11, are known to amplify all 5 deltapapillomavirus types, this method has the advantage of being able to detect a wide range of PVs that could be present within equine sarcoids [9,10,12,19]. However, both the FAP59/64 and MY09/11 primer sets amplify long (around 450 bp) DNA sequences [25,26].…”

“…Paraffin tissue blocks containing formalin-fixed samples of an equine sarcoid that contained BPV1 DNA, a bovine anal fibropapilloma containing BPV2 DNA [17], a feline sarcoid that contained BPV14 DNA, and a sarcoid-like lesion from the mouth of a pig known to contain OaPV2 DNA [12] were used in the study. All were diagnostic samples submitted from animals in New Zealand.…”

“…In addition to BPV1, BPV2, and BPV13, which have previously been associated with equine sarcoids, there are two additional deltapapillomaviruses that have been reported to cause mesenchymal neoplasia after cross-species infection. These are BPV14, which is the cause of feline sarcoids [10,11], and Ovis aries papillomavirus (OaPV)2, which was reported to cause a sarcoid-like lesion in a pig [12]. While neither BPV14 nor OaPV2 have previously been reported to infect horses, it is possible that one or both of these deltapapillomavirus types could cause some of the PV-negative equine sarcoids reported in earlier studies.…”

Papillomaviruses in Domestic Cats

“…In people, PVs are the most common viral cause of cancer with the high-risk alphapapillomaviruses causing approximately 5% of all human cancers including most cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) as well as a significant proportion of oral SCCs [ 14 ]. Likewise in the domestic species, PVs have been associated with neoplasia in horses, dogs, cattle, pigs, and sheep [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. However, it is important to recognize that the vast majority of PV infections in humans and animals do not result in the development of neoplasia.…”