Determinants of Bioenergy Consumption in the European Continental Countries: Evidence from GMM Estimation

Abstract

This study contributes to the existing literature by examining bioenergy consumption and related factors in continental European countries (ECC). This study extends the current research through its focus on the ECC, which mainly consists of nationwide studies. This study analyses the determinants of bioenergy consumption in the ECC from 2005-2013, estimates its economic variables and evaluates the influence of each variable on bioenergy consumption and related significance level. A generalised method of moments estimator (GMM) was designed for ECC. The estimated models show that bioenergy capital input (CI) positively impacts bioenergy consumption. The most influential factor on use was the price of bioenergy (PR) followed by investment (INV), then gross domestic product (GDP). These results should be considered and used as a tool to develop legislation and policies that could benefit the bioenergy sector in ECC. The evidence shows that CI, INV, and PR have been the primary keys in improving bioenergy consumption in recent years in ECC countries. Thus, they have advanced the efficiency of bioenergy consumption.

Competence of project management professionals according to type of project: a systematic literature review

“…Conscientiousness [119]; Entrepreneurship [75]- [77]; Configuration Management [70], [77]- [79]; Financial Management [31], [80], [81]; Health management and security [31], [80]- [82]; Information Technology Skills [31]; Analytical Thinking [31], [70]; Strategic Thinking [70], [80]; and Innovation [31].…”

“…Projects of this category are generally impacted by numerous restrictions imposed by rules, administrative processes, protection systems for contracting, and environments that can include different political adversaries [81]. In this scenario, the competence of Acceptance, pointed out by Bashir et al [70], contributes to complying with the requirements of these administrative processes.…”

“…[100]- [101]; Environmental Legislation and Administration [12], [77]; Continuous Improvement [49], [77], [92], [94]; Agile Mindset [31], [70]; Multiple Project Management [38]; Analytical Thinking [16], [32], [55], [65], [70]; Critical Thinking [55], [94], [104]; Strategic Thinking [70], [71], [77], [81], [90]; Self-Taught [88], [94]; [Strategic Planning [91].…”

“…Table 11 presents the list of the competences found. As for competences gaps, six of them were not identified in the PMDCF guide: Strategic Thinking [70], [71], [77], [81], [90], Analytical Thinking [64], Multitasking [78], Information Technology Skills [31], Financial Management [31], [80], [81] and Multiple Project Management [38], and Merge and Acquisition [97]. In the ICB, a competence gap is also Merge and Acquisition [97].…”

Does the low-carbon city pilot policy achieve the synergistic effect of pollution and carbon reduction?

“…Under the constraint of increasing environmental protection thresholds, pollution-intensive industries face high environmental management costs. Inefficient enterprises will ultimately have to exit the market, while those left behind in the face of fierce market competition have to adjust their capital structure, accelerate bioenergy utilization efficiency, 24 optimize renewable resource allocation, expand the use of clean energy such as hydropower, 25 therefore reduce the carbon emissions of their entire industrial chain through green industrial transformation and upgrading. 26 The low-carbon city policy requires pilot cities to establish carbon emission accounting inventories, and implement total carbon emission control and emission reduction mechanisms to reduce electricity and fossil energy consumption, and strengthen the low-carbon lifestyle and production methods.…”