Determinants of last lap speed in paced and maximal 1500-m time trials

Bellinger, Phillip; Derave, Wim; Lievens, Eline; Kennedy, Ben; Arnold, Blayne; Rice, Hal; Minahan, Clare

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04543-x

Cited by 22 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In contrast, middle-and long-distance track runners who perform their specific races at intensities above LT 2 commonly report lesser total training volumes with proportionally a smaller number of training sessions in zones 1 and 2, and more in zone 3 1 19 20 25 26 28 30 . This logic seems to be in line with recent studies that showed high participation of the anaerobic pathway in 800 m runners 54 and a high percentage of type II fibers in 1500 m runners 55 . Furthermore, studies that included middle-and long-distance runners have shown that longer events require greater total training volume, whereas shorter events require lower total training volume 25 30 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Training-intensity distribution (TID) is considered the key factor to optimize performance in endurance sports. This systematic review aimed to: I) characterize the TID typically used by middle-and long-distance runners; II) compare the effect of different types of TID on endurance performance and its physiological determinants; III) determine the extent to which different TID quantification methods can calculate same TID outcomes from a given training program. The keywords and search strategy identified 20 articles in the research databases. These articles demonstrated differences in the quantification of the different training-intensity zones among quantification methods (i. e. session-rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, race pace, and running speed). The studies that used greater volumes of low-intensity training such as those characterized by pyramidal and polarized TID approaches, reported greater improvements in endurance performance than those which used a threshold TID. Thus, it seems that the combination of high-volume at low-intensity (≥ 70% of overall training volume) and low-volume at threshold and high-intensity interval training (≤ 30%) is necessary to optimize endurance training adaptations in middle-and long-distance runners. Moreover, monitoring training via multiple mechanisms that systematically encompasses objective and subjective TID quantification methods can help coaches/researches to make better decisions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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“…Here, we present a method to estimate the proportion of skeletal muscle fiber types from frozen samples allowing for a larger number of samples to be measured in a standardized, cost, and labor-efficient way. Skeletal muscle fiber type distribution is a determinant of physical performance [ 27 – 30 ] and overall health [ 31 – 35 ] and is highly heritable in humans [ 11 , 12 ]. For example, a reduced proportion of oxidative slow-twitch type I fibers is associated with lower insulin sensitivity in the diabetic muscle [ 31 – 34 ] and muscle atrophy, e.g., age-related sarcopenia is progressing in a fiber type-specific manner [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-throughput muscle fiber typing from RNA sequencing data

et al. 2022

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Background Skeletal muscle fiber type distribution has implications for human health, muscle function, and performance. This knowledge has been gathered using labor-intensive and costly methodology that limited these studies. Here, we present a method based on muscle tissue RNA sequencing data (totRNAseq) to estimate the distribution of skeletal muscle fiber types from frozen human samples, allowing for a larger number of individuals to be tested. Methods By using single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) data as a reference, cluster expression signatures were produced by averaging gene expression of cluster gene markers and then applying these to totRNAseq data and inferring muscle fiber nuclei type via linear matrix decomposition. This estimate was then compared with fiber type distribution measured by ATPase staining or myosin heavy chain protein isoform distribution of 62 muscle samples in two independent cohorts (n = 39 and 22). Results The correlation between the sequencing-based method and the other two were rATPas = 0.44 [0.13–0.67], [95% CI], and rmyosin = 0.83 [0.61–0.93], with p = 5.70 × 10–3 and 2.00 × 10–6, respectively. The deconvolution inference of fiber type composition was accurate even for very low totRNAseq sequencing depths, i.e., down to an average of ~ 10,000 paired-end reads. Conclusions This new method (https://github.com/OlaHanssonLab/PredictFiberType) consequently allows for measurement of fiber type distribution of a larger number of samples using totRNAseq in a cost and labor-efficient way. It is now feasible to study the association between fiber type distribution and e.g. health outcomes in large well-powered studies.

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“…3). This implies a complex integration of muscular power, metabolic efficiency, biomechanical efficiency and fatigue resistance at the muscle fiber level, as well as an optimal pacing strategy [79,80].…”

Section: Mechanical Effectiveness: the Other Side Of The Middle-distance Coinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…World-leading 5-10 km athletes run 120-200 km•week −1 [10,[62][63][64], while topclass marathon runners cover 150-250 km•week −1 [62][63][64]. Based on these running volume distinctions, one could argue that 1500-m runners in general are more long-distance than middle-distance athletes, although high finishing speed is required in slow races [80].…”

Section: Training Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

et al. 2021

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Despite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training (herein the 800 and 1500 m events), information regarding the training methodologies of world-class runners is limited. Therefore, the objective of this review was to integrate scientific and best practice literature and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite middle-distance performance. Herein, we describe how well-known training principles and fundamental training characteristics are applied by world-leading middle-distance coaches and athletes to meet the physiological and neuromuscular demands of 800 and 1500 m. Large diversities in physiological profiles and training emerge among middle-distance runners, justifying a categorization into types across a continuum (400–800 m types, 800 m specialists, 800–1500 m types, 1500 m specialists and 1500–5000 m types). Larger running volumes (120–170 vs. 50–120 km·week−1 during the preparation period) and higher aerobic/anaerobic training distribution (90/10 vs. 60/40% of the annual running sessions below vs. at or above anaerobic threshold) distinguish 1500- and 800-m runners. Lactate tolerance and lactate production training are regularly included interval sessions by middle-distance runners, particularly among 800-m athletes. In addition, 800-m runners perform more strength, power and plyometric training than 1500-m runners. Although the literature is biased towards men and “long-distance thinking,” this review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners to further explore and quantify the training and development of elite 800- and 1500-m running performance and serves as a position statement for outlining current state-of-the-art middle-distance training recommendations.

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Determinants of last lap speed in paced and maximal 1500-m time trials

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review

Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review

High-throughput muscle fiber typing from RNA sequencing data

Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

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