Determination of analgesics in pharmaceutical formulations and urine samples using nano polypyrrole modified glassy carbon electrode

Abstract

Three analgesics (acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, and dipyrone) were determined electrochemically using nano polypyrrole modified glassy carbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetric behavior of the three analgesics was studied in aqueous acid, neutral, and alkaline conditions. One well-defined oxidation peak each for acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid and three oxidation peaks for dipyrone were observed in the cyclic voltammograms. The influence of pH, scan rate, and concentration reveal the irreversible diffusion controlled loss of 4e -in acid and neutral media and 2e -/1H ? in basic medium for acetaminophen. In the case of acetylsalicylic acid, 2e -and 1H ? loss in acidic and neutral pH and 2e -and 2H ? loss in basic pH were observed and the oxidation was irreversible and controlled by adsorption. Irreversible removal of 2e -and 1H ? in all pH media was observed for dipyrone and the oxidation was controlled by diffusion. A systematic study of the experimental parameters that affect the differential pulse stripping voltammetric response was carried out and optimized conditions which yield maximum peak current were arrived at. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirms good accumulation of the drugs on the electrode surface. The calibration was made under optimum conditions. The range of study for acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, and dipyrone was 50-250, 40-300, and 100-400 ng/mL and the lower limit of determination was 45, 25, and 70 ng/mL respectively. The suitability of the method for the determination of the three analgesics in pharmaceutical preparations and urine samples was also ascertained.

Cauliflower‐like Platinum Particles Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide for Sensitive Determination of Acetaminophen

“…Acetaminophen (ACTM), also known as paracetamol or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, is one of the common pharmaceutical compounds in the antipyretic and non-steroidal analgesic category, widely used for the effective fever and pain relief treatments [1] by inhibiting the prostaglandins synthesis in central nervous system as well as sedating hypothalamic heat regulating centre [2]. This drug is also very useful in treating the cold, cough and asthma [3].…”

4-Aminobenzoic acid covalently modified glassy carbon electrode for sensing paracetamol at different temperatures

“…The electrochemical determinations of drug molecule such as nortriptyline hydrochloride, paracetamol (PCT), amiloride, dipyrone, thalidomide, and so on were studied on various electrodes [9][10][11][12][13]. A primary conclusion obtained is that the bare electrodes were not a good choice to sense drug molecule because their surfaces need to be revitalized before each usage.…”

Electroanalysis of Diazepam on Nanosize Conducting Poly (3-Methylthiophene) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

“…Therefore, a stable electrode material with sensitive detection capabilities is a prime requirement for wider application of electrochemical detec-tors. Polymer modified electrodes proved to be a potential candidate for being used as the modified electrode material [1][2][3]. Poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) modified electrodes have been extensively reported and showed excellent electrocatalytic effect on phenolic compounds [4.5], neurotransmitter species [6][7][8][9], amino acids [10], dopamine [11], NADH [12], herbicide metamitron [13], Hg(II) [14], sulfonamides [15], epinephrine [16] and riboflavin [17].…”