Determination of Herbicides in Corn Flour by Novel Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A simple and efficient procedure was developed to determine eight herbicides in corn flour by gas chromatography -mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Samples were prepared with a modified quick, easy, rapid, effective, rugged, and safe procedure. The type and volume of extraction solvent, type and amount of adsorbent, and time of sonication were optimized. The protocol method was rigorously verified. The mean recoveries were from 85 to 108% at various fortification levels with relative standard deviations below 15% and limits of quantification from 4 to 48 ng/g. The method was employed to determine herbicides in corn flour.

A new multiresidue thin layer chromatography–ultraviolet detection method for the rapid determination of six herbicides residue applied as ready mix formulation for rice

“…LOD of 0.001 mg/kg for atrazine and metribuzin in soil and crop by HPLC is reported by Sondhia and Yaduraju [45]. The LOD of the reported TLC method was found to be 0.1 mg/kg for penoxsulam and pretilachlor herbicides and 0.01 mg/kg for cyhalofop-butyl, ethoxysulfuron, traifamone, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl herbicides (Table 3) which is equivalent or at par to the LODs of sophisticated instrument methods (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS, and HPLC) reported by Yu et al [41], Xia et al [43], Sondhia and Yaduraju [45], Borowiec et al [46], Li et al [47], and Sondhia et al [48] and in agreement with TLC detection method for analysis of atrazine and diuron [39]. This shows that the TLC separation and detection of various pesticide residues can be carried out in the laboratory with appropriate reproducibility that enables the use of the TLC methods for cost-effective screening of a large number of environmental samples, or for the confirmation of the analytes where confirmation of pesticide cannot be done due to unavailability of GC or LC/MS/MS.…”

“…Xia et al. [43] reported the detection of herbicides in corn flour by the GC‐MS method with a LOD of 0.004–0.048 mg/kg. Sondhia and Dixit [44] reported below < 0.001 μg/g ethoxysulfuron residues in soil, grains, and straw at harvest using HPLC‐PDA.…”

“…[41], Xia et al. [43], Sondhia and Yaduraju [45], Borowiec et al. [46], Li et al [47], and Sondhia et al.…”

“…Rf of the cyhalofop-butyl, ethoxysulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, penoxsulam, pretilachlor, and triafamone, using silica gel-ethyl acetate adsorbent-solvent system and UV detection [43] reported the detection of herbicides in corn flour by the GC-MS method with a LOD of 0.004-0.048 mg/kg. Sondhia and Dixit [44] reported below < 0.001 μg/g ethoxysulfuron residues in soil, grains, and straw at harvest using HPLC-PDA.…”

Greener chemistry in analytical sciences: from green solvents to applications in complex matrices. Current challenges and future perspectives: a critical review

“…152 Quantification is performed using common analytical techniques GC-MS, HPLC, UHPLC-MS, or UHPLC-MS/MS and appropriate validation. 143,[153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163] Similar to other preparation methods, the original QuEChERS procedure was modified to improve the overall performance of the technique. The associated modifications involved the hydration of the samples and modification of the extraction and purification steps to improve the extraction efficiency and ability to eliminate interferences.…”