Determination of Outer Layer and Bulk Dehydration Kinetics of Trehalose Dihydrate Using Atomic Force Microscopy, Gravimetric Vapour Sorption and Near Infrared Spectroscopy

New opportunities in crystal engineering – the role of atomic force microscopy in studies of molecular crystals

“…Jones et al 53 further quantified the roughness of surfaces and used such measurements for studying the dehydration kinetics of trehalose dihydrate by in situ AFM in a controlled humidity environment. Notably, AFM was successfully utilised to determine the dehydration kinetics of the bulk and the outer-layer of the crystal: while the outer layer undergoes dehydration following a zero-order-phase-boundary kinetic model, the bulk dehydrates through either an Avrami-Erofeev model or a cylindrically-symmetrical-phase-boundary model.…”

“…angles of the cantilever oscillation relative to the signal sent to the cantilever's piezoelectric. Phase imaging can, therefore, be used to map out different regions of materials on a surface 53 and in turn observe any heterogeneity in the mixing of materials. 72 3.1.6.…”

Polymorphism Solvatomorphism 2008

“…The 2008 literature also contained a number of additional reports that summarized investigations of phase transitions among polymorphs and solvatomorphs of various organic compounds, and aspects of these159–170 have been summarized in Table 3.…”

Following the surface response of caffeine cocrystals to controlled humidity storage by atomic force microscopy

“…Atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Binnig et al, 1986) has proved to be a valuable tool in understanding the surface properties of pharmaceutical materials (Li et al, 2000;Berard et al, 2002;Price and Young, 2004;Liu et al, 2007;Turner et al, 2007;Jones et al, 2008). As AFM analysis, used under the appropriate conditions, is non-destructive it allows for the collection of topographic data regarding the state of a surface over extended time periods.…”