Determination of parabens in environmental solid samples by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Occurrence and analysis of parabens in municipal sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Madrid (Spain)

“…Table 2 shows the recovery results obtained for parabens that ranged between 85 and 125%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) <12%. The range of recoveries achieved in this work is similar to that described using UAE for soil and sediment samples [14] and higher than those described using PLE for some of these compounds in sewage sludge [2]. The addition of two deuterated surrogate standards, before MSPD extraction, allowed monitoring the efficiency of the recovery process, which ranged from 80 to 120%.…”

“…As shown in Table 3, MDLs ranged from 0.1 to 1.7 ng g −1 and LOQs from 0.3 to 5.1 ng g −1 , being MeP the compound with the highest limits. MDLs obtained for parabens in sewage sludge are higher than those obtained by other authors in water [7] and soil samples [14]. The higher complexity of the sewage sludge can explain the higher MDLs obtained.…”

“…Different methods have been reported for the determination of parabens in environmental samples, such as water [8][9][10], sewage influents and effluents [11], dust [12,13] and soil [14][15][16], however, hardly any data are available on the environmental occurrence of parabens or some of their chlorinated by-products in sewage sludge [2]. This could be due to the high complexity of the matrix, which requires very selective analytical techniques such as liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS or GC-MS/MS).…”

“…To carry out this step, silylation using N-methyl-N-tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoacetamide (MTBSTFA) [10] and acetylation using acetic anhydride [9] have been reported for the derivatization of parabens. Regarding the extraction of parabens from environmental solid samples, matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) have been applied [12][13][14]. PLE and UAE are two modern extraction techniques that provide a significant reduction in solvent consumption and are less time-consuming than traditional extraction procedures; although with complex matrices, as sewage sludge, the application of pressure or ultrasonic energy not only ensures a more efficient extraction of the target analytes, but also a possible increase in the extraction of potential interferences.…”

Determination of the active constituents in Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. by ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction high-performance liquid chromatography

“…Ultrasound can break plant tissue and accelerate the solvent penetrating through plant tissue. The benefit of using UAE in the direct extraction of organic compounds from solid matrices has already been demonstrated in recent years [3][4][5][6][7].…”