Determination of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and HCB emissions from the metallurgical sector in Poland

Atmospheric Environment

et al. 2012

h i g h l i g h t s< Emission factors of unintentional POPs from copper metallurgy were determined. < Emission levels and variations of unintentional POPs were measured and compared. < Unintentional POP congener patterns in stack gas and fly ash samples are presented. < The raw material used was a key factor for unintentional POP emissions. < Copper metallurgy is an important emission source of unintentional POPs. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tField monitoring was conducted to update and develop unintentional persistent organic pollutant (unintentional POP) emission inventories for the copper metallurgy industry in China. In this study, emissions of six unintentional POPs comprised of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) in stack gas and fly ash samples from primary and secondary copper smelters using different raw materials and technologies were measured and compared. Different concentrations, congener patterns and emission factors of unintentional POPs among four copper smelters were observed. Variations in unintentional POP emissions from several areas of a primary copper smelter were also investigated. The total emissions of unintentional POPs from primary and secondary copper production in 2010 in China were estimated respectively. These results provide a useful reference for the establishment of unintentional POP emission inventories and for policymakers to formulate control strategies to reduce unintentional POPs resulting from copper metallurgy.

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Characterization and quantification of unintentional POP emissions from primary and secondary copper metallurgical processes in China

Nie

Atmospheric Environment

et al. 2012

“…In this study, the average HxCBz concentrations from flue gas samples at P1 and P2 were 126 and 46.2 ng N m −3 , respectively, which are much higher than concentrations measured during the combustion of firewood and pellets (ND -1.1 ng N m −3 ) and copper smelting-H 2 SO 4 production (1.57 ng N m −3 ), but are lower than iron ore sintering (613.1 and 1491 ng N m −3 ) [31,32]. The HxCBz TEQs in flue gas and residual ash samples from thermal wire reclamation were in the range of 0.004-0.01 ng TEQ N m −3 and 0.001-0.002 ng TEQ g −1 , respectively.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Unintentional Pops Emitted From Thermal Wimentioning

confidence: 65%

A preliminary investigation of unintentional POP emissions from thermal wire reclamation at industrial scrap metal recycling parks in China

Nie

Zheng

Journal of Hazardous Materials

et al. 2012

a b s t r a c tThermal wire reclamation is considered to be a potential source of unintentional persistent organic pollutants (unintentional POPs). In this study, unintentional POP concentrations, including PCDD/Fs, dioxin like PCBs (dl-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), were quantified in flue gas and residual ash emissions from thermal wire reclamation at scrap metal dismantling parks in Zhejiang Province, China. The total average TEQ emissions of the investigated unintentional POPs from flue gas and residual ash in two typical scrap metal recycling plants ranged from 13.1 to 48.3 ng TEQ N m −3 and 0.08 to 2.8 ng TEQ g −1 , respectively. The dominant PCDD/F congeners were OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, while PCB-126 and PCB-169 were the main contributors to the toxicity of the dl-PCBs. There were clear differences in the distribution dl-PCBs congeners contributing to the TEQ concentrations in the flue gas samples from the two plants. The PCN TEQs were dominated by PCN-66/67 and PCN-73. Although thermal wire reclamation in incinerators has been proposed as an alternative to open burning, there are still considerable environmental risks associated with regulated incinerators, and unintentional POP emissions from thermal wire reclamation sites need to be controlled by local government agencies.

“…Thermal-related processes are widely recognized as main sources of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds today (Grochowalski et al 2007). Emission factors and inventories have been established for dioxins and other POPs in many countries and regions (Fiedler 2007).…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Philippe Garriguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of the atmospheric emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from electric arc furnaces

Zheng

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are well recognized as significant sources of dioxins. EAFs have also been speculated to be sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) due to the close correlation between dioxin and PCN formation. However, assessment on PCN emissions from EAFs has not been carried out. The primary aim of this preliminary study is to identify and characterize the atmospheric emission of PCNs from EAFs. In this preliminary study, stack gas samples from two typical EAFs with different scales (EAF-1, 160 t batch −1 ; and EAF-2, 60 t batch −1 ) were collected by automatic isokinetic sampling technique, and PCN congeners in samples were analyzed by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry method. Emission concentrations of PCNs were 458 and 1,099 ng m −3 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively. The emission factors of PCNs to air were 21.6 and 30.1 ng toxic equivalent t −1 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively, which suggested that EAF is an important source of PCN release. With regard to the characteristics of PCNs from EAFs, lower chlorinated homologues were dominant. The PCN congeners comprised of CN27/30, CN52/60, CN66/67, and CN73 were the most abundant congeners for tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorinated homologues, respectively. EAFs were identified to be an important PCN source, and the obtained data are useful for developing a PCN inventory. The congener profiles of PCNs presented here might provide helpful information for identifying the specific sources of PCNs emitted from EAFs.