Determination of Phthalate Esters in Textiles by Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Li, Xueyang; Yang, Yongchao; Cui, Xili; Li, Shufen; Zhu, Xinli; Tang, Shaokun

doi:10.1080/00032719.2015.1043665

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In this work, DiBP was detected in two samples, with the highest estimated concentration at 3300 ng/g. Phthalates have previously been reported at concentration levels > 0.1% (w/w) in textiles and up to 20% (w/w) in PVC coating patterns [ 8 , 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These chemicals are added to protect polymers against UV radiation [6] and prevent photofading as well as phototendering [7]. To increase flexibility and durability of polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based coatings, phthalates are commonly added to the textile material [8,9]. Furthermore, dyes belonging to different chemical classes are used in the coloring step [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suspect and non-target screening of chemicals in clothing textiles by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry

et al. 2021

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The global manufacturing of clothing is usually composed of multistep processes, which include a large number of chemicals. However, there is generally no information regarding the chemical content remaining in the finished clothes. Clothes in close and prolonged skin contact may thus be a significant source of daily human exposure to hazardous compounds depending on their ability to migrate from the textiles and be absorbed by the skin. In the present study, twenty-four imported garments on the Swedish market were investigated with respect to their content of organic compounds, using a screening workflow. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization/high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for both suspect and non-target screening. The most frequently detected compound was benzothiazole followed by quinoline. Nitroanilines with suspected mutagenic and possible skin sensitization properties, and quinoline, a carcinogenic compound, were among the compounds occurring at the highest concentrations. In some garments, the level of quinoline was estimated to be close to or higher than 50,000 ng/g, the limit set by the REACH regulation. Other detected compounds were acridine, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, phthalates, nitrophenols, and organophosphates. Several of the identified compounds have logP and molecular weight values enabling skin uptake. This pilot study indicates which chemicals and compound classes should be prioritized for future quantitative surveys and control of the chemical content in clothing as well as research on skin transfer, skin absorption, and systemic exposure. The results also show that the current control and prevention from chemicals in imported garments on the Swedish market is insufficient. Graphical abstract

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspect and non-target screening of chemicals in clothing textiles by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry

et al. 2021

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“…Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is another prominent method for organic pollutants extraction from sediment, which has not been widely used for textiles yet (Giergielewicz-Możajska et al 2001 ; Hu et al 2020 ). Additionally, some conventional solvent extraction methods, such as Soxhlet extraction, can also be used with recovery rates of up to 90% or more; however, it is often time-consuming (more than four hours) (Kim et al 2016 ; Li et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Additives On (Microplastic) Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Chemical Additives on (Micro)Plastic Fibers: Occurrence, Release, and Health Risks

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2022

Reviews Env.Contamination (formerly:Residue Reviews)

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Plastic fibers are ubiquitous in daily life with additives incorporated to improve their performance. Only a few restrictions exist for a paucity of common additives, while most of the additives used in textile industry have not been clearly regulated with threshold limits. The production of synthetic fibers, which can shed fibrous microplastics easily (< 5 mm) through mechanical abrasion and weathering, is increasing annually. These fibrous microplastics have become the main composition of microplastics in the environment. This review focuses on additives on synthetic fibers; we summarized the detection methods of additives, compared concentrations of different additive types (plasticizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, and surfactants) on (micro)plastic fibers, and analyzed their release and exposure pathways to environment and human beings. Our prediction shows that the amounts of predominant additives (phthalates, organophosphate esters, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and nonylphenol ethoxylates) released from clothing microplastic fibers (MFs) are estimated to reach 35, 10, 553, 0.4, and 568 ton/year to water worldwide, respectively; and 119, 35, 1911, 1.4, and 1965 ton/year to air, respectively. Human exposure to MF additives via inhalation is estimated to be up to 4.5–6440 µg/person annually for the above five additives, and via ingestion 0.1–204 µg/person. Notably, the release of additives from face masks is nonnegligible that annual human exposure to phthalates, organophosphate esters, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from masks via inhalation is approximately 491–1820 µg/person. This review helps understand the environmental fate and potential risks of released additives from (micro)plastic fibers, with a view to providing a basis for future research and policy designation of textile additives. Graphical Abstract

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“…The present study investigated PAH levels in textiles, especially in coated materials (e.g., coated denim fabrics and waterproof tarpaulins). In our previous studies, 26,27 Soxhlet extraction was used to extract phthalate esters (PAEs) from textiles. However, Soxhlet extraction of PAHs was complicated and time-consuming, taking 24 to 72 h. [28][29][30] By comparison, ultrasonic extraction was reported to be simple and rapid with high recovery, and was recommended by the US EPA for nonvolatile and semivolatile organic compounds, including PAHs in SW-846-3550.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Textiles by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Yang

et al. 2016

AATCC Journal of Research

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A sensitive and fast method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was developed for simultaneous determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in functional textile samples. The method under optimized conditions exhibited good linearity with linear correlation coefficients between 0.9930 and 0.9999, with maximum recoveries within 74.0~99.0%, and with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.89 to 4.94%. Quantitation and detection limits ranged from 1.3 to 12.2 μg/L and 0.4 to 3.8 μg/L, respectively. These values were less than the limits of two relative standards (Oeko-Tex Standard 100 and ZEK 01.2-08). When applied to coated denim fabric and waterproof tarpaulins, results showed that PAH concentrations in waterproof tarpaulins were greater than the limits of the two relative standards.

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Determination of Phthalate Esters in Textiles by Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Suspect and non-target screening of chemicals in clothing textiles by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry

Suspect and non-target screening of chemicals in clothing textiles by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry

An Overview of Chemical Additives on (Micro)Plastic Fibers: Occurrence, Release, and Health Risks

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Textiles by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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