Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dry tea

Adisa, Afolabi; Jimenez, Angelica; Woodham, Cara; Anthony, Kevin; Nguyen, Thao; Saleh, Mahmoud A.

doi:10.1080/03601234.2015.1028832

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Coupling the preparation step with analytical equipment is feasible such as SPME-HPLC or head space SPME-HPLC [ 47 ]. Separation and quantification of the PAH in infusions is by liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection (LC-FLD) [ 12 , 41 , 48 ] or by GC-MS [ 49 ], while in ground coffee LC-FLD [ 44 , 50 ], isotope dilution GC-MS [ 51 ], GC-MS/MS [ 52 ], or LC-UV [ 53 ], and in tea leaves, LC-UV [ 53 ], or GC-MS [ 49 ] have been utilized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative oesophageal cancer risk assessment of hot beverage consumption (coffee, mate and tea): the margin of exposure of PAH vs very hot temperatures

Okaru¹,

Rullmann²,

Farah³

et al. 2018

BMC Cancer

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BackgroundConsumption of very hot (> 65 °C) beverages is probably associated with increased risk of oesophageal cancer. First associations were reported for yerba mate and it was initially believed that high content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) might explain the risk. Later research on other beverage groups such as tea and coffee, which are also consumed very hot, found associations with increased risk of oesophageal cancer as well. The risk may therefore not be inherent in any compound contained in mate, but due to temperature. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the risk of PAH in comparison with the risk of the temperature effect using the margin of exposure (MOE) methodology.MethodsThe human dietary benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (sum of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) exposure through consumption of coffee, mate, and tea was estimated. The oesophageal cancer risk assessment for both PAH and temperature was conducted using the MOE approach.ResultsConsidering differences in the transfer of the PAH from the leaves of mate and tea or from the ground coffee to the infusion, and considering the different preparation methods, exposures may vary considerably. The average individual exposure in μg/kg bw/day arising from consumption of 1 cup (0.2 L) of infusion was highest for mate (2.85E-04 BaP and 7.22E-04 PAH4). The average per capita exposure in μg/kg bw/day was as follows: coffee (4.21E-04 BaP, 4.15E-03 PAH4), mate (4.26E-03 BaP, 2.45E-02 PAH4), and tea (8.03E-04 BaP, 4.98E-03 PAH4). For all individual and population-based exposure scenarios, the average MOE for BaP and PAH4 was > 100,000 independent of beverage type. MOE values in this magnitude are considered as a very low risk. On the contrary, the MOE for the temperature effect was estimated as < 1 for very hot drinking temperatures, corroborating epidemiological observations about a probable oesophageal cancer risk caused by this behaviour.ConclusionsThe temperature effect but not PAH exposure may pose an oesophageal cancer risk. Consumer education on risks associated with consumption of ‘very hot’ beverages and policy measures to threshold serving temperatures should be discussed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4060-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative oesophageal cancer risk assessment of hot beverage consumption (coffee, mate and tea): the margin of exposure of PAH vs very hot temperatures

Okaru¹,

Rullmann²,

Farah³

et al. 2018

BMC Cancer

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“…Todas estas soluciones se prepararon en fase móvil acetonitrilo:agua (90:10 v/v).El conjunto de veinte muestras de validación se preparó empleando concentraciones de analitos diferentes a las usadas en la calibración y siguiendo un diseño aleatorio. Con el propósito de evaluar el método desarrollado en presencia de compuestos que pueden producir interferencias en el análisis, se preparó un conjunto de muestras conteniendo cinco potenciales interferentes, que pueden también estar presentes en este tipo de muestra:[68][69][70] FEN, ANT, PIR, BkF y DBA. Como se verá en la sección Resultados y discusión (página 109), estos HPAs muestran una clara superposición espectral y temporal con los analitos en estudio, convirtiendo a este sistema en un importante desafío quimiométrico.…”

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Excitation-emission fluorescence-kinetic data obtained by Fenton degradation. Determination of heavy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by four-way parallel factor analysis

Carabajal

Arancibia

Escandar

2017

Talanta

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For the first time, a simple and environmentally friendly third-order/four-way calibration was applied for the simultaneous determination of five heavy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in interfering environments. The kinetic evolution of the Fenton degradation of benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benz[a]anthracene was followed by recording full excitation-emission fluorescence matrices (EEFMs) of the samples at different reaction times, obtaining third-order EEFM-kinetic (EEFM-K) data. The sensitivity of the method was increased by carrying out the reaction in the presence of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The four-way parallel factor (PARAFAC) algorithm, which was used for data processing, exploits the second-order advantage, allowing analyte concentrations to be estimated even in the presence of an uncalibrated fluorescent background. The clear superiority of the applied approach in comparison with second-order/three-way calibration performed with unreacting EEFMs is demonstrated, using two sets of samples with foreign compounds with particular spectral profiles. In one of the latter sets, the existence of a third-order advantage was explored and discussed. The feasibility to directly determine parts-per-trillion concentration levels of PAHs after a very simple solid-phase extraction with C18 membranes is established with natural water samples containing uncalibrated constituents.

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“…The method of drying tea leaves still uses fuel-wood and Industrial Diesel Oil (IDO) as a source of heat energy which has harmful effects on environmental and human health. Incomplete combustion of firewood produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are a source of Anthraquinone (AQ) as a cause of cancer in humans [1][2][3] . Thus, the use of solar energy, the use of fuel-wood and IDOs need to be combined with other energy or substituted with other more sustainable energy, one of which is geothermal energy which is also abundant in Indonesia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Heat Pipe Utilizing Low-Temperature Geothermal Energy and Zeolite-A for Tea Leaves Withering Process

Gunawan

Putra²,

Kusrini³

et al. 2020

Evergreen

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Conventional drying methods can be improved by utilizing geothermal energy and the addition of Zeolite-A as an absorbent from the synthesis of Kaolin, which has abundant resources in Indonesia. The use of geothermal energy for fossil energy substitution results in the development of more sustainable and safer environmentally, while the use of Kaolin as absorbent will increase economic value and reduce the export of raw materials in Indonesia. This research was conducted to study the effect of adding Zeolite-A to the heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) system that utilizes geothermal energy to the performance of tea withering. As a source of geothermal fluid, a water heater with a capacity of 9000 Watts and hot water flowed with a pump were used. The HPHE used was constructed of 42 pcs of heat pipes and 181 pcs of the fin. The heat pipe used had a length of 700 mm with an outer diameter of 10 mm, the fluid worked in the heat pipe using water with a filling ratio of 50%.The fin was made of aluminum with a thickness of 0.105 mm with a size of 76 x 345 mm. The results showed that the effectiveness of HPHE varied from 64.825% to 78.363%. The Henderson and Pabis model was the best model to represent the behavior of tea leaves using Zeolite-A, and the Page model for the withering of tea leaves without Zeolite-A. With the addition of Zeolite-A, the speed of tea leaves withering increased by about 18%. In addition to being environmentally friendly, the use of geothermal energy can be an alternative energy substitution for drying tea that uses firewood which is harmful to health because it becomes the source of anthraquinone (AQ) as a cause of cancer in humans.

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Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dry tea

Cited by 31 publications

References 20 publications

Comparative oesophageal cancer risk assessment of hot beverage consumption (coffee, mate and tea): the margin of exposure of PAH vs very hot temperatures

Comparative oesophageal cancer risk assessment of hot beverage consumption (coffee, mate and tea): the margin of exposure of PAH vs very hot temperatures

Excitation-emission fluorescence-kinetic data obtained by Fenton degradation. Determination of heavy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by four-way parallel factor analysis

Study of Heat Pipe Utilizing Low-Temperature Geothermal Energy and Zeolite-A for Tea Leaves Withering Process

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