“…EIT reconstruction is highly nonlinear and ill-posed due to the limited number of available observations. Given this constraint, the solution is extremely sensitive to small perturbations caused by measurement noise and modeling errors, resulting in inherently low spatial resolution and instability in the reconstructed images [ 11 ]. In order to address this problem, many traditional imaging algorithms have been developed, including direct sensitivity coefficient method [ 12 ], Landweber-type algorithms [ 13 , 14 ], gradient algorithms [ 15 , 16 ], Newton algorithms [ 17 , 18 ], regularization algorithms [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], etc.…”