Determination of the Bioactive Effect of Custard Apple By-Products by In Vitro Assays

Abstract

Annona cherimola fruit, known as cherimoya or custard apple, is an exotic fruit from South America but is strongly produced in Andalusia, Spain. Its by-products (seeds and peel) are recognised as important sources of antioxidants, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and procyanidins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to carry out the characterization of its phenolic composition and to in vitro evaluate the bioactivity of custard apple seed and peel. Therefore, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS) was performed in order to tentatively identify their phenolic composition. In the end, 19 compounds were identified and quantified, some of them for the first time in the custard apple matrix. Then, seed and peel total phenolic content, as well as antioxidant properties, radical scavenging capacity (O2, NO, HOCl) and inhibition of enzymes involved in different pathologies (hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and xanthine oxidase), were evaluated. Although both extracts showed almost similar antioxidant capacities, custard apple seed stood out slightly more than peel (171 ± 2 vs. 130.0 ± 0.4 μmol TE/g DE, resp.), especially as ·NO scavenger (IC50 1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 11.8 ± 0.3 mg/L, resp.) and hyaluronidase inhibitor (IC50 170 ± 10 vs. 460 ± 20mg/L, resp.). Finally, the application of extracts on a real human model of platelet aggregation was performed, reporting antiaggregatory effects in agonist-promoted platelet thrombus formation. All these results show that custard apple by-products are stated as interesting sources of bioactive compounds with multiple industrial applications for the development of high-added-value products, such as functional foods, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals, promoting the circular bioeconomy of these by-products.

High potential extracts from cocoa byproducts through sonotrode optimal extraction and a comprehensive characterization

“…Regarding CPH, the obtained results were: TPC (48 ± 1 mg GAE/g), TEAC (0.30 ± 0.007 mmol TE/g), FRAP (0.35 ± 0.009 mmol FeSO 4 /g), and ORAC (0.43 ± 0.003 mmol TE/g). These results were higher compared to other by-products such as chirimoya peel and seed, which presented total polyphenol values of 28.7 and 30.4 mg GAE/g of dry extract, respectively [19] . However, these results are comparable to avocado seed and peel, which showed values of 60 to 190 mg GAE/g of dry extract [21] .…”

“…The determination of TPC was carried out according to the procedure described by Rojas-García et al [19] . A previously diluted aliquot of extract was reacted with 50 μL of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (2.0 N), after 10 min, 150 μL of sodium carbonate (20 %) was added.…”

Melatonin Treatments Reduce Chilling Injury and Delay Ripening, Leading to Maintenance of Quality in Cherimoya Fruit

“…Cherimoya peel is rich in phenolic compounds compared with other fruit species, with 46 different phenolic compounds being identified recently, the major ones being quercetin derivatives, rutin and quinic acid [ 37 , 38 ]. However, there is no available literature about changes in peel phenolic content during storage of cherimoya fruit for comparative purposes.…”

Application of Agri-Food By-Products in the Food Industry

“…Apples and apple-derived products incorporate a significant number of polyphenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and procyanidins) [88].…”