Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging

Pack, Eun Chul; Lee, Kyung Youn; Jung, Jin Seop; Jang, Dae Yong; Kim, Hyung Soo; Koo, Ye Ji; Lee, Ho Geon; Kim, Young Soon; Lim, Kyung Min; Lee, Seung Ha; Choi, Dal Woong

doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100736

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…327 However, the perforation will lead to the decrease of selective permeability of the film, and the anti-fogging agent will bring about the migration of additives and other problems. 328 With However, packaged fruits occupy the market of developed regions.…”

Section: Degradable Materials For Food Packagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and gas permeability properties of poly(L‐lactic acid)–based films and their application in fresh produce preservation—Review

Yun,

Liu,

et al. 2024

Packag Technol Sci

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Plastics have remained the best choice for fruit and vegetable packaging due to their exceptional transparency, flexibility, optional good barrier and cost‐effectiveness. However, a large number of plastics end up in the environment after serving their intended purpose and persist there for centuries. Since worldwide attention to environmental issues has become an irreversible historical trend, cost‐effective renewable biodegradable packaging material is highly desirable for the packaging industry to satisfy both industrial demands as well as consumer expectations. Poly (L‐lactic acid) (PLLA), a renewable biodegradable polymer derived from biomass, has been widely studied as a very attractive polymer for food packaging applications. However, its brittle nature and medium CO2/O2 permeability are not friendly for its utilisation in the aspect of fresh agricultural products packaging. In such a context, great efforts have been devoted to improvements in the mechanical and permeability of PLLA to meet the requirements of food packaging. The main purpose of the review is to summarise the mechanical and permeability properties of composite films developed by the incorporation of toughness reinforcing agents into the PLLA matrix. The elongation at break of PLA can be increased up to 250 times by modification, and the CO2 permeability of PLA can be increased by 2–3 times by modification. We also elaborate on studies of the preservation effect of PLLA composite films on fresh fruits and vegetables.

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Section: Degradable Materials For Food Packagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and gas permeability properties of poly(L‐lactic acid)–based films and their application in fresh produce preservation—Review

Yun,

Liu,

et al. 2024

Packag Technol Sci

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“…A variety of chemical substances (e.g., antioxidants, plasticizers, stabilizers, and flame retardants) may be added to the polymer to maintain or enhance specific properties. , Additionally, nonintentionally added substances can also be present in plastics, including degradation products, byproducts, and impurities. , In a recent study, over 2400 chemical additives in plastics were identified as substances of potential concern (persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic), of which nearly 900 substances are even approved for use in food-contact plastics . The synthetic chemicals may migrate from tableware into the food (especially hot oily food) and be ingested. − Furthermore, chemical additives, as well as numerous byproducts, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and dioxins, can be released into the environment in the waste treatment. − However, little information is known about the occurrence of chemical additives in items associated with OFD services. There is a clear knowledge gap in their inventory, emissions, and fate during usage, disposal, and waste treatment processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable Plastic Waste and Associated Antioxidants and Plasticizers Generated by Online Food Delivery Services in China: National Mass Inventories and Environmental Release

Huang,

Zeng,

Mai

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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China's online food delivery (OFD) services consume enormous amounts of disposable plastics. Here, we investigated and modeled the national mass inventories and environmental release of plastics and chemical additives in the plastic. The extra-tree regression identified six key descriptors in determining OFD sales in Chinese cities. Approximately 847 kt of OFD plastic waste was generated in 2021 (per capita 1.10 kg/yr in the megacities and 0.39 kg/yr in other cities). Various additives were extensively detected, with geomean concentrations of 140.96, 4.76, and 0.25 μg/g for ∑ 8 antioxidants, ∑ 21 phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA), respectively. The estimated mass inventory of these additives in the OFD plastics was 164.7 t, of which 51.1 t was released into the atmosphere via incineration plants and 51.0 t was landfilled. The incineration also released 8.07 t of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 39.1 kt of particulate matter into the atmosphere. Takeout food may increase the dietary intake of phthalates and BPA by 30% to 50% and raise concerns about considerable exposure to antioxidant transformation products. This study provides profound environmental implications for plastic waste in the Chinese OFD industry. We call for a sustainable circular economy action plan for waste disposal, but mitigating the hazardous substance content and their emissions is urgent.

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“…Some studies have evaluated the transfer of different migrants of interest from packaging to food. Pack et al (2021) evaluated the migration of various additives and nonintentionally added substances employing food simulants under real-life consumption and worst-case scenario conditions, finding that repetitive exposure to high-temperature conditions accelerates the migration rate, but under real-world conditions the health risk is low. Aliota et al (2020) evaluated the migration of acetyl n-tributyl citrate in polylactic acid/polybutylene succinate blend-based films and how the incorporation of chitin nanofibrils can reduce the loss of this plasticizer in the film.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is common to perform migration tests using food simulants to determine the migration of components from packages into foods (Gavriil et al., 2018). These stimulants are substances that represent real food, and the results of these tests must be consistent with the levels of migration that can be achieved in real storage and packaging conditions (Pack et al., 2021). The simulations performed must represent both favorable and adverse storage conditions, and they must be based on solid scientific evidence to ensure that the results are accurate and consistent (Hahladakis et al., 2018; Sanches Silva, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pack et al. (2021) evaluated the migration of various additives and nonintentionally added substances employing food simulants under real‐life consumption and worst‐case scenario conditions, finding that repetitive exposure to high‐temperature conditions accelerates the migration rate, but under real‐world conditions the health risk is low. Aliota et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation and modeling of acrylonitrile migration from polypropylene for food packaging

Forero,

Garavito,

Castellanos

2023

Journal of Food Science

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This study validated an analytical technique using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection to quantify acrylonitrile monomer with a quantification limit of 0.10 ± 0.04 µg kg−1. Subsequently, the acrylonitrile migration from polypropylene granules was evaluated in food simulants water and ethanol (50% v/v) and at two temperatures (20 ± 1°C and 44 ± 2°C) for up to 6 weeks, representing the service time of a bottle. From the experimental data obtained, pseudo‐second‐order kinetics were adjusted to represent the acrylonitrile migration into the simulants. For water, equilibrium concentrations of 13.58 and 16.58 µg kg−1 at 20 and 44°C, respectively, were obtained, while for 50% ethanol, 15.07 and 16.40 µg kg−1 were obtained for the same temperatures. The experimental results and the values estimated from the migration kinetics indicate that the maximum acrylonitrile concentration will not exceed the tolerable specific limit established in regulations.Practical ApplicationThe migration of compounds such as acrylonitrile can be a drawback resulting in an undesirable reduction in the shelf life of liquid foods packaged in bottles made of materials such as polypropylene. In this paper, acrylonitrile migration kinetics and a methodology are proposed to determine whether the tolerable migration limits are ever reached, which can serve as a tool for producers of this type of packaging of food to predict shelf life.

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Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

Mechanical and gas permeability properties of poly(L‐lactic acid)–based films and their application in fresh produce preservation—Review

Mechanical and gas permeability properties of poly(L‐lactic acid)–based films and their application in fresh produce preservation—Review

Disposable Plastic Waste and Associated Antioxidants and Plasticizers Generated by Online Food Delivery Services in China: National Mass Inventories and Environmental Release

Evaluation and modeling of acrylonitrile migration from polypropylene for food packaging

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