Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer

Kazi, Tasneem Gul; Jalbani, Nusrat; Baig, Jameel Ahmed; Afridi, Hassan Imran; Kandhro, Ghulam Abbas; Arain, Mohammad Balal; Jamali, Mohammad Khan; Shah, Abdul Qadir

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.025

Cited by 59 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The main advantage of microwave-assisted samples pretreatment is its requirement of a small amount of mineral acids and a reduction in the production of nitrous vapors [26,27]. The main advantage of microwave-assisted samples pretreatment is its requirement of small amount of mineral acids and reduction in the production of nitrous vapors [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Status of Trace and Toxic Metals in Biological Samples (Scalp Hair, Blood, and Urine) of Normal and Anemic Children of Two Age Groups

Shah

Kazi

Afridi

et al. 2010

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Anemia affects a substantial portion of the world's population, provoking severe health problems as well as important economic losses to the region in which this condition is found. This study was designed to compare the levels of essential trace and toxic elements in scalp hair, blood, and urine samples of anemic children (n = 132) with age range 1-5 and 6-10 years of both genders. For a comparative study, 134 non-anemic age- and sex-matched children as control subjects, residing in the same city, were selected. The metals in the biological samples were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion. The proposed method was validated using certified reference samples of hair, blood, and urine. The results indicated significantly lower levels of iron, copper, and zinc in the biological samples as compared to the control children of both genders (p = 0.01-0.008). The mean values of lead and cadmium were significantly high in all three biological samples of anemic children as compared to non-anemic children of both age groups (p = 0.005-0.001). The ratios of essential metal to toxic metals in the biological samples of anemic children of both age groups were significantly lower than that of controls. Deficiency of essential trace metals and high level of toxic metals may play a role in the development of anemia in the subjects under study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Status of Trace and Toxic Metals in Biological Samples (Scalp Hair, Blood, and Urine) of Normal and Anemic Children of Two Age Groups

Shah

Kazi

Afridi

et al. 2010

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…Obtained results for infant formulas were just slightly higher than those reported in other European countries. According to EFSA, the mean (MB) was in the range 0.003-0.004 mg/kg [22] -significantly lower than reported in Pakistan for commercially available milk-based and soya-based infant formula (mean values 0.0287-0.097 mg/kg and 0.098-0.119 mg/kg, respectively) [23].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Mania¹,

Wojciechowska-Mazurek²,

Starska³

et al. 2015

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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This paper presents results of heavy metals determination in infant foods available in Poland during a monitoring programme in 2009-13. This study investigated levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury in infant formulae and other infant foods intended for consumption during the first 6 to 12 months of life, and an intake of heavy metals was assessed. Food consumption data based on the artificial feeding scheme of infants established by the Mother and Child Institute in Poland were taken into account to estimate dietary exposure. The reported levels of elements in infant foods are comparable with contamination of such products in other countries. The mean values for lead do not exceed 0.013 mg/kg (90 th percentile, 0.028 mg/kg). Lead levels in infant formulae (as sold, mainly powder) did not exceed 0.010 mg/kg, while mean contamination was 0.005 mg/kg. The highest mean cadmium level of 0.010 mg/kg was reported in vegetable meal (90 th percentile, 0.017 mg/kg); in infant formulae (undiluted) milk-based it was below 0.003 mg/kg, and for soya-based it was 0.009 mg/kg. Arsenic and mercury contents -highest in fish-based infant foods -did not exceed 0.18 mg/kg and 0.013 mg/kg, respectively. In rice products for infants arsenic did not exceed 0.14 mg/kg. The estimated mean lead exposure was from 0.09 μg/kg b.w. per day for 6-month-old infants to 0.53 μg/kg b.w. per day for 1-year-old children, which was approximately 17% and equal to the respective Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit (BMDL 01 ) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) at 0.50 μg/kg b.w. per day. Mean exposure to cadmium ranges from 0.02 to 0.4 μg/kg b.w. per day, and for 12-month-old infants can slightly exceed the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) value established by EFSA. Dietary cadmium intake represents 2.5-47% of the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) value established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA). Intake of arsenic and mercury was below respective reference value. Calculated mean dietary exposure to arsenic for children under 1 year old was between 0.11 and 0.99 μg/kg b.w. per day (4-33% BMDL 0.5 value), and to methylmercury 0.01-0.08 μg/kg b.w. per day (7-41% of the TWI value for methylmercury).

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“…The pH values (4.6-4.1) of yoghurt and torba yoghurt and the gastric pH (2-3) of adults are lower than those in the two species' milk and the gastric pH of newborns (Gu¨ler and S°anal 2009). These differences in pH affect the absorption of toxic trace elements, since the availability of toxic trace elements is increased at high pH values (Kazi et al 2009). …”

Section: Ewe Milk and Its Productsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Profiles of non-essential trace elements in ewe and goat milk and their yoghurt, torba yoghurt and whey

Şanal

Güler

Park

2011

Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B

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The objectives of this study were to determine the profiles of non-essential trace elements in ewes' and goats' milk and manufactured products, such as yoghurt, torba yoghurt and whey, as well as changes in trace element content during Torba yoghurt-making processes. Concentrations of non-essential trace elements in ewe (Awassi) and goat (Damascus) milk and their yoghurt, torba yoghurt and whey were quantitatively determined by simultaneous inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), after microwave digestion. Aluminium, antimony, arsenic, boron, beryllium, cadmium, nickel, lead, silver, titanium, thallium and vanadium were determined for both types of milk and their products. Barium was not detected in goats' milk or their products. Among all trace elements, boron was the most abundant and beryllium was least present in milk and the manufactured products. The results showed that goats' and ewes' milk and their manufactured products may be a source of 13 non-essential trace elements.

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Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer

Cited by 59 publications

References 34 publications

Evaluation of Status of Trace and Toxic Metals in Biological Samples (Scalp Hair, Blood, and Urine) of Normal and Anemic Children of Two Age Groups

Evaluation of Status of Trace and Toxic Metals in Biological Samples (Scalp Hair, Blood, and Urine) of Normal and Anemic Children of Two Age Groups

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Profiles of non-essential trace elements in ewe and goat milk and their yoghurt, torba yoghurt and whey

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