Determination of trace elements in normal and malignant breast tissues of different age group using total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer

Abstract

The trace elements in normal and malignant breast tissues of different age groups have been determined using total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry. The low Z elements are detected using a vacuum chamber of low Z–high Z (WOBISTRAX) TXRF spectrometer and medium and high Z elements using Ital structures TX‐2000 TXRF spectrometers. The trace elements such as Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, and Y have been detected in normal and malignant breast tissues in the age group 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and 61–70 years. It is found that the concentration of trace elements such as Al and Ti, Cu and Zn, Ti and Br, and Al and Y are higher in normal breast tissues than in the malignant breast tissues in the samples of age group 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and 61–70 years, respectively. It is very important to note that the trace element Pb is not observed in the samples of age group 31–40, 41–50, and 51–60, but it has been observed in the samples of age group 61–70 years. Trace elements in normal and malignant tissues measured using TXRF spectrometers. Tissues of different age group have been selected to ascertain the role of trace elements. Trace elements P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, and Sr are found to be higher in malignant tissues. Trace element Pb is found to be higher in malignant tissues in the age group 61–70.

The assessment of the usability of selected instrumental techniques for the elemental analysis of biomedical samples

“…Brain 78,94,106 , cerebrum 21 , liver 8,21,78 , kidney 21,28,78 , spleen 21 , colon 36 , heart 78 , lung 21 , muscle 78 , breast 22 , skin 21 , hair 86 , blood 59,63,107 , serum 63,90 , bone-marrow fluid 35 , urine 44,59 , teeth 26 , bone 78,84 Dry sample Brain 27,45,[71][72][73] , liver 98,108 , muscle 108 , breast 55,56,109 , arteries 68 , uteri round ligaments 70 , hair 24,34,44,59 , fingernail 24 , bone 6 Acid digestion Wet sample Stomach 46 , liver 46,…”

“…There are many studies where TXRF is used for the comparison of elemental composition of cancerous and healthy tissues. Such studies were done for colon 131 , breast 22 , 109 , 131 , stomach 131 , uterus 132 , prostate 128 , intestine 36 and the corresponding healthy tissues of these organs. Other investigation concerned the elemental analysis of brain tumours of various types and grades 133 as well as breast, lung and intestinal cancer tissues 134 .…”