Determining levels of cryptic diversity within the endemic frog genera, Indirana and Walkerana, of the Western Ghats, India

Abstract

A large number of species in the tropics are awaiting discovery, many due to their cryptic morphology ie. lack of discernable morphological difference. We explored the presence of cryptic lineages within the frog genera, Indirana and Walkerana, which are endemic to the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. By reconstructing a phylogeny using 5 genes and robust geographic sampling, we delimited 19 lineages along a population-species continuum, using multiple criteria including haplotype clusters, genetic distance, morphological distinctness, and geographical separation. Of these 19 lineages, 14 belonged to the genus Indirana and 5 to the genus Walkerana. Divergence dating analyses revealed that the clade comprising Indirana and Walkerana began diversifying around 71 mya and the most recent common ancestor of Indirana and Walkerana split around 43 mya. We tested for the presence of cryptic lineages by examining the relationship between genetic and morphological divergence among related pairs within a pool of 15 lineages. The pairs showed strong morphological conservatism across varying levels of genetic divergence. Our results highlight the prevalence of morphologically cryptic lineages in these ancient endemic clades of the Western Ghats. This emphasizes the significance of other axes, such as geography, in species delimitation. With increasing threats to amphibian habitats, it is imperative that cryptic lineages are identified so that appropriate conservation measures can be implemented.

Life‐history traits govern the habitat use of diverse amphibian assemblages in an agroforest landscape matrix

“…It hosts over 200 species of amphibians, 88% of which are endemic to the region. New amphibian species are still being described every year from the region (Vijayakumar et al ., 2016; Ramesh et al ., 2020; Garg et al ., 2021). Our study was conducted in the Anamalai Hills in Tamil Nadu, which is one of the most biodiverse locations within the Western Ghats.…”

Bungarus fasciatus venom from eastern and north-east India: venom variation and immune cross-reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenoms

“…Aside from its taxonomical importance, recognition and ascertainment of independently evolving lineages is crucial for understanding the evolutionary processes affecting the origin of population structure and species diversification [1]. Because of the growing availability of genetic methods for species delineation [2], numerous studies have uncovered cryptic diversity within the widespread vertebrate species including in tropical and sub-tropical Asia; for instance, among fishes [3][4][5], amphibians [6][7][8], birds [9][10][11], and mammals [12][13][14].…”