“…Fractures, which act as conduit for fluid and contaminant transport, contribute to azimuthal resistivity variation by creating zones of contrasting electrical properties in the bedrock and thereby increasing hydraulic and electrical conductivity along the direction of fracture strike while decreasing same at direction perpendicular to it (Obiadi et al 2013). The azimuthal resistivity survey using the square array (Habberjam 1967) was done by rotating the whole electrode array through 180°at regular increments starting with an initial array orientation aligned in the direction of true north.…”
Coal mining in the Enugu area of Nigeria has generated a lot of mine waste that has been dumped in landfills and surface dumps chosen for convenience and proximity to the waste source rather than environmental, geologic or engineering considerations. Environmental degradation and groundwater contamination has resulted. Structural analysis of the area shows that the geological formations are fractured with a dominant fracture strike in the E-W direction. These fractures, which are known to influence the flow direction of the rivers in the area, provide significant seepage pathways for contaminant transport. An azimuthal square array resistivity survey confirmed the presence of these fractures in the subsurface as well as their function as seepage pathways. Surface water resources and groundwater exploited from a shallow well has been shown to be contaminated with acidity, iron, and sulphate. The water must, therefore, be treated before consumption by the local inhabitants.
“…Fractures, which act as conduit for fluid and contaminant transport, contribute to azimuthal resistivity variation by creating zones of contrasting electrical properties in the bedrock and thereby increasing hydraulic and electrical conductivity along the direction of fracture strike while decreasing same at direction perpendicular to it (Obiadi et al 2013). The azimuthal resistivity survey using the square array (Habberjam 1967) was done by rotating the whole electrode array through 180°at regular increments starting with an initial array orientation aligned in the direction of true north.…”
Coal mining in the Enugu area of Nigeria has generated a lot of mine waste that has been dumped in landfills and surface dumps chosen for convenience and proximity to the waste source rather than environmental, geologic or engineering considerations. Environmental degradation and groundwater contamination has resulted. Structural analysis of the area shows that the geological formations are fractured with a dominant fracture strike in the E-W direction. These fractures, which are known to influence the flow direction of the rivers in the area, provide significant seepage pathways for contaminant transport. An azimuthal square array resistivity survey confirmed the presence of these fractures in the subsurface as well as their function as seepage pathways. Surface water resources and groundwater exploited from a shallow well has been shown to be contaminated with acidity, iron, and sulphate. The water must, therefore, be treated before consumption by the local inhabitants.
“… Figure 1 Location map showing the study area (modified after Oloto and Anyanwu 2013). Figure 2 Geological map of the Igarra area showing study areas lithology (modified after Obiadi et al 2013). Figure 3 (a&b) Sketch showing the data flow in an XRF analysis (Macdonald 2004).…”
The application of metacarbonate rocks depend majorly on their physical and/or chemical properties. The mineralogical and chemical properties of the metacarbonate rocks from Enwan, Bekuma, and Ekpedo metacarbonate deposits in Akoko Edo, Nigeria were determined using combined modal petrographic analysis and XRS-FP quantitative analysis. The modal analyses show that the metacarbonate rocks from Enwan, Ekpedo and Bekuma contain averages of 96.4%, 58.5%, and 77.35% CaCO3 respectively and 3.6%, 41.5% and 13.1% MgO respectively. The mineralogical constituent include calcite, dolomite, quartz, plagioclase and muscovite. The principal constituents of the carbonate rocks are calcite and dolomite with calcite being the dominant mineral. The marbles can be used in a variety of calcium carbonate industries due to the low quartz content and the mineralogical composition. These characteristics make the metacarbonate rocks suitable for the production of paint, factory lime, pesticide and animal feed, as construction material and for use in the chemical industry.
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