Determining the amount of Acrylamide in Potato Chips Using Xanthydrol as a Derivative Representative with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A B S T R A C T Background and Objectives:In the production process of foods rich in carbohydrates and some other foods containing precursors of acrylamide formation, there is the possibility of acrylamide creation, which is a mutagen and carcinogen material. This study aims to introduce and optimize a new method for determining acrylamide in potato chips using xanthydrol as a derivative representative with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Materials and Methods:Important factors in the derivatization and measurement processes were optimized using the one-factor-at-a-time method. The peak areas were assumed as the GC-MS response to evaluate the extraction efficiency of acrylamide, and optimization for all tests was performed two times. Figures of merit of the proposed method were evaluated. The amount of acrylamide in four potato chips samples, obtained from the market in Tehran city, was determined using the proposed method. Results:The optimum amounts of effective parameters, including derivatization temperature at 25 o C, derivatization time (40 min), xanthydrol volume (40 µL), extracted solvent volume (500 µL) and pH=7 were determined. The figures of merit for the proposed method were at the ideal range. The maximum and minimum amounts of acrylamide in the chip samples were also measured. Conclusions:The performance and reliability of proposed method as a simple, efficient and rapid method for determining acrylamide in potato chip samples were demonstrated.

Biomedical rationale for acrylamide regulation and methods of detection

“…Silylation and bromination are the most commonly reported derivatization techniques used to analyze acrylamide. Silylation is performed by first adding acrylamide extract to a solution of N,Obis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and heating for approximately one hour at 70 • C, followed by liquidliquid extraction using a nonpolar solvent like hexane (Sobhi et al, 2017;Tareke et al, 2002) 9-hydroxyxanthene, aka xanthydrol C 16 H 12 NO 2 (Kamankesh et al, 2017;Lan, 2016) BSTFA (BTMSA-AA) C 9 H 22 ONS i2 (Surma et al, 2017) (Surma et al, 2017). BFTSA is typically used for derivatizing fatty acid amides, but since acrylamide is a short-chain amide, BFTSA has successfully been used to derivatize acrylamide (Her, 1985;Shanchun et al, 1994).…”

“…GC-MS analysis of acrylamide, which does not readily volatilize, in combination with a non-PEG GC column, necessitates derivatization to avoid broad or tailing peaks in the gas chromatogram (Thermo Scientific Reagents, Solvents and Accessories, 2003). A sampling of acrylamide derivatization techniques has been published and is summarized in Table 3 (Kamankesh, Zokaei, Shojaei, & Mohammadi, 2017;Lan, 2016;Sobhi et al, 2017;Tareke et al, 2002). Silylation and bromination are the most commonly reported derivatization techniques used to analyze acrylamide.…”

Heat-Introduced Formation of Acrylamide in Table Olives: Analysis of Acrylamide, Free Asparagine, and 3-Aminopropionamide

“…The most commonly used method is liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) without derivatization of AA. , In addition, approaches performing LC coupled to ultraviolet detection (LC–UV) or mass spectrometry (LC–MS) are also available, wherefore AA is derivatized before analysis. , Besides, AA can be analyzed by gas chromatography with single or tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS or GC–MS/MS). Pre-column derivatization is often performed when analyzing AA by GC–MS. − However, some approaches demonstrate that AA can also be quantified by GC–MS or GC–MS/MS without derivatization. ,, For AA quantification, stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) is often used, regardless of the matrix, either using deuterated AA , or 13 C labeled AA. , …”