Determining the Optimal Time of Gastric Emptying in Cats Using Dry or Wet Food

Abstract

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as regurgitation, gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis. There are variations among authors about the ideal period of solid and liquid fasting. Determination of the appropriate amount of food abstinence in surgical patients is important, because of the metabolic disorders that interfere in response to anesthetic protocol or surgical intervention. Thereby, this research aimed to evaluate the appropriate period of fasting for elective anesthesia and surgical procedures in cats, by analysis of gastric emptying time based on the daily energy requirement.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven cats of mixed breed, health and with an average weight of 2.857 ± 0.3780 were evaluated by gastroscopy for the presence of food and obtaining tissue samples. To evaluate the gastric emptying time, dry and moist food were offered at two different times, 8 h and 4 h before each evaluation, with an interval of seven days between each food treatment (dry and moist). There was no significant difference in all biochemical parameters evaluated (cholesterol, glucose, and lactate) in both fasting times and food types (P > 0.05). All animals underwent gastric biopsy for histological evaluation and urease test, to discard morphological changes. After 4 h it was observed dry food in all cat’s stomach, however just five cats presented food in their stomach after eight hours. In other hand all the animals, which ate moist food, did not present any gastric content after four hours and eight hours of feeding. Gastric mucosa were considered normal in all cats with moderate amount of Helicobacter sp.Discussion: The difficulty of a consensus on the fast time in cats, and the great variability of the emptying time according to the feeding type, makes this study useful as basis for future studies on fasting with wet food, as well as providing immediate clinical application in surgical routine. Only a moderate gastritis related to helicobacter sp. was detected, but even healthy animals can carry Helicobacter sp. Four h of fasting time if feed the patient with 80% humidity ration improve anesthetic security of the patient with typical biochemical values. As shown, the appropriate preoperative fasting directly implies on decrease in the number of complications related to full stomach. Thus, always should take into account the possibility to perform fast in an appropriate period to prevent vomiting and aspiration, without the risk of hypoglycemia benefiting the patient and reassuring the anesthesiologist, especially in situations requiring urgent or emergency intervention. As observed through endoscopy, even eight hours of fasting with dry feed is inappropriate due to significant gastric volume of food in almost all cats. This suggests that prolonged preoperative fasting is no guarantee of low stomach volume. Wet feed can be an option for elderly and debilitated patients requiring surgical intervention within a short period of fasting. The time varies with type and volume of food that is variable according patients and different species and digestive conditions. The research were conducted with none complications. By means, this experiment it was concluded that the fasting time of 4 h with 80% humidity moist food allows complete gastric emptying without any complication.

Surgical Treatment of a Perinephric Pseudocyst in a Five-Month-Old Female Cat

“…There is no reported breed predisposition, although male cats appear to be more commonly affected 3 . The etiology of perinephric pseudocysts involves several factors, including the accumulation of transudate due to elevated hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic blockage, or rupture of renal cysts 4 . These cystic lesions, which consist of encapsulated fluid collections adjacent to the kidney, can result from various causes such as trauma, infection, or congenital anomalies 5 .…”

“…However, perinephric pseudocysts are idiopathic in origin but are frequently associated with underlying chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical presentation includes polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, and weight loss (related to underlying CKD), but the owner typically notices only abdominal distension as the primary abnormality 4 . Histologically, it is characterized by the absence of an epithelial lining in the cyst wall, which is why it is termed a "pseudocyst."…”

Effect of pre-anesthetic fasting on gastric emptying and plasma glucose in healthy dogs of different age groups

“…The fasting aimed to reduce the volume and acidity of stomach contents, decreasing the risk of reflux and aspiration of gastric contents into the respiratory tract during surgery. Also, reducing the risk of postoperative complications, such as gastroesophageal reflux, esophagitis, and aspiration pneumonia (Brady et al 2009, Castro et al 2016.…”

“…The short fasting period in surgical patients can lead to metabolic disorders that directly interfere with the animal's response to inhalation anesthesia and surgical intervention (Castro et al 2016). Prolonged fasting increases the risk of hypoglycemia (Nogueira et al 2003).…”

“…The fasting time varies according to the type of diet, the volume of food, and variations between patients of different species and digestive conditions (Castro et al 2016). Another relevant factor for the definition of adequate pre-anesthetic food fasting time is the age of the animal.…”