Determining the Significance of Persistent Lymphocytosis

Avery, Anne C.; Avery, P.

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.11.001

Cited by 45 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…14 In contrast, one study found that dogs with T-cell CLL with an initial lymphocyte count greater than 30 000/mL had a much shorter median survival time than those with lymphocytes of fewer than 30 000/mL. 14 The bird in this case report had an initial lymphocyte count of 387 090/mL, but the prognostic significance of this in birds is unknown at this time. Combination chemotherapy could have led to a longer survival time in this case and was recommended when no response to the chlorambucil was evident; however, the owners declined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

T-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Double Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix)

Osofsky¹,

Hawkins²,

Foreman³

et al. 2011

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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An adult, male double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix) was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on results of a complete blood cell count and cytologic examination of a bone marrow aspirate. Treatment with oral chlorambucil was attempted, but no response was evident after 40 days. The bird was euthanatized, and the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia was confirmed on gross and microscopic examination of tissues. Neoplastic lymphocytes were found in the bone marrow, liver, kidney, testes, and blood vessels. Based on CD3-positive immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping, the chronic lymphocytic leukemia was determined to be of T-cell origin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

T-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Double Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix)

Osofsky¹,

Hawkins²,

Foreman³

et al. 2011

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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“…Granular lymphocytosis, with T-cell expansion in the blood and other tissues may occur in the subclinical and chronic phase of the disease, imitating lymphocytic leukemia ( Figure 5) [11,[47][48][49][50]. Thus, in endemic areas, CME should be a top differential for persistent lymphocytosis in the dog [49]. Aplastic pancytopenia typifi es the myelosuppressive CME and the latter may be the major cause of canine pancytopenia in endemic areas [51].…”

Section: Hematologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A non-regenerative anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia (mild-to-moderate leukocytosis/ neutrophilia with or without a mild left shift may rarely be seen) and lymphopenia or mild lymphocytosis are additional abnormalities [32,46]. Granular lymphocytosis, with T-cell expansion in the blood and other tissues may occur in the subclinical and chronic phase of the disease, imitating lymphocytic leukemia ( Figure 5) [11,[47][48][49][50]. Thus, in endemic areas, CME should be a top differential for persistent lymphocytosis in the dog [49].…”

Section: Hematologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment

Mylonakis

Θεοδώρου

2017

Acta Veterinaria

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Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tick-borne disease of worldwide distribution. The major causative agent is Ehrlichia canis, a gram-negative, obligate intracellular, pleomorphic bacterium of the genus Ehrlichia, which infects monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes, forming intracytoplasmic, membrane-bound bacterial aggregates, called morulae. After an incubation period of 8-20 days, the course of E. canis infection, can be sequentially divided into acute, subclinical and chronic phases, although these phases can hardly be distinguished in the clinical setting. Clinical recovery is the typical outcome of acutely infected dogs, entering the subclinical phase, during which they show no or minimal clinical signs and/or mild hematological abnormalities. Immunocompetent dogs may eliminate the infection during the acute or subclinical phases, but an unpredictable proportion of dogs will eventually develop the chronic phase, characterized by aplastic pancytopenia and high mortality, due to septicemia and/or severe bleeding. This article outlines briefl y the pathogenesis of CME due to E. canis, and more thoroughly reviews the recent scientifi c literature pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of this devastating disease.

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“…Neoplasia characterized by small lymphocytosis occurs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in the leukemic phase of low-grade (small-cell) lymphoma. 2 Because neoplastic lymphocytes appear mature, they can be difficult to distinguish from nonneoplastic lymphocytosis by routine morphological evaluation. One of the methods to demonstrate neoplastic expansion of lymphocytes is immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, which characterizes the lineage and diversity of the lymphocytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunophenotyping and Gene Rearrangement Analysis in Dogs with Lymphoproliferative Disorders Characterized by Small-Cell Lymphocytosis

Yagihara

Uematsu²,

Koike³

et al. 2009

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Lymphocytosis caused by neoplastic proliferation of small lymphocytes is occasionally difficult to distinguish by morphological examination from nonneoplastic lymphocytosis. To examine the clinical utility of gene rearrangement analysis for demonstrating neoplastic proliferation of small lymphocytes, gene rearrangement analysis was performed in comparison with immunophenotyping using peripheral lymphocytes in dogs with small lymphocytosis. Thirty-one dogs with small-cell lymphocytosis (8,100-884,300/ml) were enrolled. By immunophenotyping, lymphocytosis of all dogs was suggested to be neoplastic in nature based on the detection of marked expansion of phenotypically homogeneous lymphocytes or the presence of an aberrant antigen-expressing population of lymphocytes. In contrast, gene rearrangement analysis represented clonality in 27 dogs (detection rate of 87%). From the present study, gene rearrangement analysis was considered to be worthwhile to strengthen the evidence of neoplastic proliferation of small lymphocytes when coupled with immunophenotyping and to be a suitable diagnostic substitute if immunophenotyping is not available in clinical practice.

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Determining the Significance of Persistent Lymphocytosis

Cited by 45 publications

References 69 publications

T-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Double Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix)

T-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Double Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix)

Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment

Immunophenotyping and Gene Rearrangement Analysis in Dogs with Lymphoproliferative Disorders Characterized by Small-Cell Lymphocytosis

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