Detraining Differentially Preserved Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Hypertension: Effects on Blood Pressure, Cardiac Function, Brain Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

AimsThis study sought to investigate the effects of physical detraining on blood pressure (BP) and cardiac morphology and function in hypertension, and on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (PICs and AIC) and oxidative stress within the brain of hypertensive rats.Methods and ResultsHypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by delivering AngiotensinII for 42 days using implanted osmotic minipumps. Rats were randomized into sedentary, trained, and detrained groups. Trained rats underwent moderate-intensity exercise (ExT) for 42 days, whereas, detrained groups underwent 28 days of exercise followed by 14 days of detraining. BP and cardiac function were evaluated by radio-telemetry and echocardiography, respectively. At the end, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was analyzed by Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. ExT in AngII-infused rats caused delayed progression of hypertension, reduced cardiac hypertrophy, and improved diastolic function. These results were associated with significantly reduced PICs, increased AIC (interleukin (IL)-10), and attenuated oxidative stress in the PVN. Detraining did not abolish the exercise-induced attenuation in MAP in hypertensive rats; however, detraining failed to completely preserve exercise-mediated improvement in cardiac hypertrophy and function. Additionally, detraining did not reverse exercise-induced improvement in PICs in the PVN of hypertensive rats; however, the improvements in IL-10 were abolished.ConclusionThese results indicate that although 2 weeks of detraining is not long enough to completely abolish the beneficial effects of regular exercise, continuing cessation of exercise may lead to detrimental effects.

Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Chronic ITP

“…ITP has characteristics of an immune disease [19][20][21]. Increased oxidative stress is thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders because of its contribution to inflammation and its role in apoptotic cell death, in addition to decreasing immune system functions [22]. Zhang et al reported that gene expression and molecular-oxidative stress presented as causative factors for chronic ITP in children [23,24].…”

Exercise-Induced Regulation of Redox Status in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of Exercise Training and Detraining

“…A previous study also reported that a 3-week intervention with low-fat, high-fiber diet combined with low-intensity CVE training induced a remarkable improvement in blood pressure, oxidative stress and NO availability, in hypertensive patients [97]. Likewise, Agarwal et al [98] reported that 4 weeks of moderate-intensity CVE training in hypertensive rats not only reduced blood pressure and improved cardiac function but also reduced inflammatory cytokines and norepinephrine, diminished activation of NF-κB and decreased oxidative stress, as indicated by the reduction in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and the increased levels of cooper/zinc containing superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). PVN is a crucial brain region that serves as an autonomic control center regulating cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and physiological functions [99,100].…”

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training on Spatial Behavior Among Old Mice - Preliminary Results

“…However, the current study shows that spatial behavior after a running program may be a reflection of a decrease in stress or an increase in self-control and confidence. The effect of physical activity on emotional state has been mainly measured using laboratory parameters such as chemical changes in saliva, cortisol [21], blood levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, using physiological parameters of blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol, oxidative stress and free radicals [22], or using behavioral factors such as sleeping and eating [23][24]. However, increase in movement in aged rodents following an exercise program as an indication of decreased anxiety, stress and self-confidence has not documented.…”