Development and Application of a Nanobody-Based Competitive ELISA for Detecting Antibodies against Hepatitis E Virus from Humans and Domestic Animals

Abstract

HEV is thought to be a zoonotic infection and is widespread worldwide; it is beneficial to establish a more convenient and spectral method for HEV antibody detection. In this study, a convenient, time-saving, reproducible, highly sensitive, specific, and novel nanobody-based cELISA was developed and can be used to detect IgG antibodies against mammalian HEV. It provides a new technique for serological evaluation and ELISA-based diagnosis of HEV infection.

Small Antibodies with Big Applications: Nanobody-Based Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics

“…Additionally, there are various other nanobodies that have been developed as probes for the detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses [18,19]. A multivalent thermostable neutralizing nanobody against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) from naïve phage display libraries was developed, which may offer promising potential as a remedy for this virus [20].…”

“…Based on the mechanism, nanobody-based applications can be mainly categorized into in vivo immunoPET/SPECT, optical imaging, ultrasound molecular imaging and relative treatments (Figure 4). 68 Ga, 89 Zr, 64 Cu, 18 F, and 86 Y are conjugated with nanobodies to perform immunoPET imaging, while ImmunoSPECT is performed using 99 mTc, 131 I, and 177 Lu. Microbubbles can transport specific nanobodies to the target site and can be ruptured under ultrasound irradiation, subsequently inducing a tumor-imaging or cancer-killing effect.…”

“…According to the response of the specific immunoPET/SPECT, it becomes possible to predict the type of cancer and the effectiveness of the chemotherapy or immunotherapy, subsequently allowing for the development of potential treatment protocols [40]. 68 Ga, 89 Zr, 64 Cu, 18 F, and 86 Y are conjugated with nanobodies to perform immunoPET imaging, while ImmunoSPECT is performed using 99 mTc, 131 I, and 177 Lu. Microbubbles can transport specific nanobodies to the target site and can be ruptured under ultrasound irradiation, subsequently inducing a tumor-imaging or cancer-killing effect.…”