Development and Application of a Two-Phase Clean-Up System in Food Samples Prior to Fluorescence Analysis of Aflatoxins

Bourais, Ilhame; Amine, Aziz; Venanzi, Mariano; Micheli, Laura; Moscone, Danila; Palleschi, Giuseppe

doi:10.1007/s00604-005-0456-y

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In all analysed samples no AFs were found [48]. Bourais et al [46] recently reported a two-phase clean up system for AFs in food samples. In the first step, the samples were extracted with an organic solvent (MeOH) and then the solvent was evaporated and redissolved in toluene.…”

Section: Extraction and Clean Up Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The quantification of the AFs was carried out by direct fluorescence measurement at 350 nm without chromatographic separation. A LOD of 0.3 lg/kg and recoveries ranging 86 -104% for AFB 1 and 95 -100% for AFM 1 were obtained [46]. The authors have mentioned that using chloroform for initial extraction obtained good recoveries.…”

Section: Extraction and Clean Up Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It is important to remove interfering substances as much as possible in the clean up step, while extraction must be quantitative for the analyte. Different extraction procedures were used such as the extraction with chlorinated solvents that have been currently banned [46,47]. Nowadays, extraction of the AFs can be carried out by using a mixture of water and organic solvent, e.g.…”

Section: Extraction and Clean Up Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed

Reiter

Zentek

Razzazi³

2009

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

116

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Mycotoxins are of toxicological relevance and consequently important contaminants in food and feed. The most common mycotoxins with the highest toxicity are the aflatoxins (AFs), which cause liver cirrhosis or primary liver carcinomas and have been shown to be the immunosuppressive. The European Union has set the maximum levels as low as reasonably achievable to protect consumers. To perform appropriate risk assessment for AFs robust analytical methods are required to provide reliable results. Different steps in the analysis of AFs in food and feed are necessary such as sampling, extraction, sample purification and detection. Throughout the analysis chain, methods have to be precise and reproducible. The sensitivity of an analysis, especially if the detection is not selective enough depends strongly on the sample clean up. However, techniques in sample preparation and analytical methods are improving continuously. This manuscript gives an overview on different analytical methods with emphasize on sample preparation strategies used in the analysis of AFs in food and feed.

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Section: Extraction and Clean Up Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Extraction and Clean Up Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Extraction and Clean Up Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed

Reiter

Zentek

Razzazi³

2009

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

116

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“…Human and animal liver is the main target organ of toxicity and carcinogenicity (Giray et al 2007;Aycicek et al 2005). The order of toxicity of aflatoxins, AFB 1 > AFG 1 > AFB 2 > AFG 2 seems to stem from its structure; the portion of AFB1 terminal furan is the critical point for determining the degree of biological activity of this group of mycotoxins (Bourais et al 2006, Chiavaro et al 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commonly, aflatoxins contaminate those foodstuffs with a high proportion of carbohydrates and lipids (Nilufer and Boyacioglu 2002) such as nuts (peanuts, pistachios, walnuts), dried fruits (figs), corn (maize), spices (pepper), seeds, milk, cocoa, beer (Cavaliere et al 2007, Bourais et al 2006, Nilufer and Boyacioglu 2002, Stroka et al 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin levels and exposure assessment of Spanish infant cereals

Hernández-Martínez

Navarro-Blasco

2010

Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B

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Aflatoxins (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2 ) are immunosuppressant, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic agents with a widespread presence in foodstuffs. Since human exposure to aflatoxins occurs primarily by contaminated food intake, and given the greater susceptibility of infants to their adverse effects, the quantification of these mycotoxins in infant food based on cereals is of relevance. Aflatoxins levels were determined in ninetyone Spanish infant cereals classified in terms of non-and organically produced and several types from ten different manufactures, using a extraction procedure followed by inmunoaffinity column clean-up step and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) and post-column derivatization (Kobra Cell system). Daily aflatoxin intake was also assessed. The preliminary analysis revealed a noticeable detected infant cereal samples for total aflatoxin (81 %), corresponding to a 64 %, 39 %, 65 % and 43 % for According to the type of infant cereal, cereals with cocoa provided the highest aflatoxin levels, gluten-free and cereals with dehydrated fruits were in a intermediate level and milk-or honey-based cereals and multicereals contained the lowest levels. With the exception of non-compliant cocoa based organic formulation, none of the infant cereals analyzed provides a higher intake of 1 ng kg -1 body weight per day, suggesting that infants fed on infant cereals are exposed to low health hazard. Nevertheless, manufactures are called for continued efforts to routinely monitor and more careful selection of raw material to minimize aflatoxin levels in these infant foods.Keywords: aflatoxins; infant cereals; daily intake; food analysis; HPLC * Corresponding author. Email: inavarro@unav.es 1 Aflatoxins content and exposure assessment from Spanish infant cerealsAflatoxins (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2 ) are immunosuppressant, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic agents with a widespread presence in foodstuffs. Since human exposure to aflatoxins occurs primarily by contaminated food intake, and given the greater susceptibility of infants to their adverse effects, the quantification of these mycotoxins in infant food based on cereals is of relevance. Aflatoxins levels were determined in ninetyone Spanish infant cereals classified in terms of non-and organically produced and several types from ten different manufactures, using a extraction procedure followed by inmunoaffinity column clean-up step and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) and post-column derivatization (Kobra Cell system). Daily aflatoxin intake was also assessed. The preliminary analysis revealed a valuable incidence of detected infant cereal samples at an upper concentration level than the detection limit for total aflatoxin (66 %), corresponding to a 46 %, 40 %, 34 % and 11 % for AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2 . Lower aflatoxin values (median, Q1;Q3) in conventional infant cereal (n=74, AFB 1 :

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Immuno‐ultrafiltration as a new strategy in sample clean‐up of aflatoxins

Reiter

Cichna‐Markl

Chung

et al. 2009

J of Separation Science

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The present paper describes the development of a new clean-up strategy for the analysis of aflatoxins (AFs) in food. The sample preparation method is based on immuno-ultrafiltration (IUF) which, in contrast to immunoaffinity chromatography, makes use of antibodies in free form. After selecting an appropriate ultrafiltration (UF) device and optimizing different operation conditions the IUF method was applied to the clean-up of maize and rice. Quantification of AFs was carried out by HPLC and fluorescence detection, after postcolumn derivatization in a Kobracell. The IUF method was shown to be as selective as sample clean-up using commercial immunoaffinity columns. Recovery rates and RSD for the AFs G(2), G(1), B(2) and B(1) in spiked rice were found to be 76 +/- 3, 76 +/- 2, 83 +/- 5 and 99 +/- 14%, respectively. The analysis of a FAPAS (food analysis performance assessment scheme) maize material resulted in AFs concentrations which were in the range assigned by the producer of the reference material.

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Development and Application of a Two-Phase Clean-Up System in Food Samples Prior to Fluorescence Analysis of Aflatoxins

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed

Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed

Aflatoxin levels and exposure assessment of Spanish infant cereals

Immuno‐ultrafiltration as a new strategy in sample clean‐up of aflatoxins

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