2022
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131102
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Development and application of fish scale wastes as versatile natural biomaterials

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Cited by 89 publications
(48 citation statements)
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“…As efficient natural dermal armors, fish scales are usually composed of minerals (hydroxyapatite as main component) and multiple layers of collagen fibers to form a laminated plywood structure. [ 7 ] Such composition and structure endow the fish scale with excellent biocompatibility and sufficient mechanical strength. [ 8 ] Besides, as a kind of pluripotent stem cell with self‐renewal and multidirectional differentiation ability, the transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and other resident cells of regional tissues to promote tissue repair.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As efficient natural dermal armors, fish scales are usually composed of minerals (hydroxyapatite as main component) and multiple layers of collagen fibers to form a laminated plywood structure. [ 7 ] Such composition and structure endow the fish scale with excellent biocompatibility and sufficient mechanical strength. [ 8 ] Besides, as a kind of pluripotent stem cell with self‐renewal and multidirectional differentiation ability, the transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and other resident cells of regional tissues to promote tissue repair.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fish scale has a great mechanical property as a kind of fish skin barrier, which comes from the characteristic hierarchical structures [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The fish scales generally have similar structures and compositions irrespective of the kind of fish [ 4 , 5 ]. The structures of fish scales can be mainly divided into two external and internal layers ( Scheme 1 a) [ 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The internal layer is composed of lamellar collagen fibrils, which are aligned in different directions with a lower degree of calcification [ 2 , 6 ]. On the other hand, bone tissue is also mainly composed of HAp and collagen fibrils, and the composite structure is very similar to that of the fish scales [ 2 , 5 ]. Hence, fish scale is expected to be applied for a bone regeneration field as a natural, environmental-friendly and biocompatible material [ 5 , 10 , 11 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…This waste occurs in huge quantities, considering that, in 2019, worldwide production of fish was estimated to be around 177.8 million metric tons (a number that will continually increase in the future) [55]. Of this amount, around 7.2-12 million tons are wasted yearly [56]. These waste products are discarded into the environment, in disposal areas or in the sea, with huge economic loss and detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, producing greenhouse gases and stench [57][58][59].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%