Development and Application of Open Rotor Discrete Noise Prediction Program Using Time-Domain Methods

Abstract

The aerodynamic noise of an open rotor is one of the critical challenges that must be considered in its design and application. FODNOPP, a program specifically programmed to predict the aerodynamic discrete noise of single- and counter-rotating open rotors (such as propellers, propfans, and rotorcraft rotors) at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic helical blade tip speeds, has recently been developed by the first author. This program is composed of four prediction codes, namely code a1, code a2, code b, and code c, each based on Farassat-derived formulations Formu 1-RTE, Formu 1A, Formu 1-Sph, and Formu 3, providing time-domain solutions to the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings equation. Four verification examples for both propeller low-speed flight noise and counter-rotating propfan take-off noise are presented, along with an application case for transonic helical tip speed counter-rotating propfan cruise noise. The results demonstrate the accuracy of FODNOPP in calculating the noise for these verification cases. And in the counter-rotating propfan cruise noise case, the maximum harmonic sound pressure level of the rear propfan is 5.5 dB higher than that of the front propfan. FODNOPP can be referred to as a comprehensive design tool, and it offers valuable guidance for engineering design focused on rotor-related noise reduction.