Development and application of the Ames test using a direct‐exposure module: The assessment of mutagenicity of incense and sidestream cigarette smoke

Abstract

We had previously developed an improved Ames module to directly determine the mutagenicity of gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO) and toluene without liquid extraction. This study further evaluated the suitability and sensitivity of this module on whole and real polluted air samples. For this, two common brands of stick incense (A and B) and cigarettes (A and B) were harvested, and various types of incense smoke (IS) and sidestream cigarette smoke (SCS) samples were generated by lighting 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, or 36 incense sticks, and by lighting 1, 2, or 3 cigarettes, respectively, in an acrylic box. CO2, CO, total volatile organic compound (TVOC), PM1.0, and HCHO concentrations in the air samples were determined, and all air samples did not partially fit the requirements of the air quality standards. The smoke samples were then directly exposed to TA100 for 10, 20, 30, or 60 min in our exposure module. Exposure to IS (brand A) for 30 to 60 min and exposure to IS (brand B) for 60 min led to statistically (p < 0.05) weak (below the twofold rule) but dose‐dependent mutagenic activities either with or without metabolic activation. Furthermore, a short‐term exposure (10–60 min) to SCS (brands A and B) displayed statistically significant (p < 0.05) direct‐acting, indirect‐acting, time‐ and dose‐dependent mutagenic activities. Furthermore, our data also support that the liver S9 enzyme could enhance the mutagenic activities in most IS and SCS samples. This study confirmed that the modified Ames module can be applied to directly detect the mutagenic activities of real polluted air samples.

Design of a Test to Identify Mutagenic Effects of Hair Dye using Proteus mirabilis

“…Each plate's bacterial reverse colonies were manually counted or determined by colony count. The reading results are based on the concept that the average number of bacterial colonies on the GM agar grew twice or more than the average number of bacterial colonies for the negative control [6,9].…”

“…There is strong evidence that substitution mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes of somatic cells are involved in the emergence of cancers in both experimental animals and humans [5]. The study of the mutagenic effects of cosmetics has usually become necessary because 1215 (2023) 012068 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1215/1/012068 2 they are an indicator of possible carcinogenicity, as the majority of mutagenic substances are harmful to the organism [6]. Chemicals that cause mutations in bacteria may also cause mutations in humans since the DNA of all living things is chemically identical.…”

Design of a bacterial system using Escherichia coli to detect the mutagenic effect of some drugs

“…The bacterial reverse colonies on each plate were counted manually or by colony count. The reading results are based on the principle that the average number of colonies of bacteria at the GM agar grew twice or more than the number of colonies of bacteria for negative control [6,9].…”

“…In general, the finding of the mutagenic effects of drugs has become necessary because they are an indicator of carcinogenic potential, as the majority of mutagenic substances are carcinogenic to the organism [6]. Since all living organisms have chemically similar DNA, chemicals that cause mutations in bacteria may also cause mutations in humans.…”

Impact of Indoor Air Pollution in Pakistan—Causes and Management

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