Development and Evaluation of a Combined Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) Live Vaccine

Safini, Najete; Elmejdoub, Soufiane; Bamouh, Zahra; Jazouli, Mohamed; Hamdi, Jihane; Boumart, Zineb; Rhazi, Halima; Tadlaoui, Khalid Omari; Harrak, Mehdi El

doi:10.3390/v14020372

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Live attenuated Mycoplasma MmmSC T1/44 strain (CIRAD AF262936) was prepared as described by Safini et al, 2022 [ 30 ]. Briefly, Mycoplasma was cultured in Hayflick-modified medium, supplemented by 10% of equine serum and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C with agitation (100 rpm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combined LSD/CBPP vaccine and the monovalent RVF vaccine was prepared separately by adding antigen suspensions to an equal volume of a stabilizer (4% peptone, 8% sucrose and 2% glutamate) and then freeze-dried in an LSI lyodryer (Lyogroup.in, Hyderabad, India) [ 30 ]. Vaccines were tested for sterility, identity, purity and infectious titers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A combined LSD/CBPP vaccine was developed to protect cattle against both diseases with a single vaccination [ 30 ]. The vaccine was tested in cattle and found to be safe and effective [ 30 ]. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is of particular concern because it is a viral disease of livestock that poses a serious public health risk [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a Combined Live Attenuated Vaccine against Lumpy Skin Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley Fever

Bamouh,

Elarkam,

Elmejdoub

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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The use of effective vaccines is among the most important strategies for the prevention and progressive control of transboundary infectious animal diseases. However, the use of vaccine is often impeded by the cost, a lack of cold chains and other factors. In resource-limited countries in Africa, one approach to improve coverage and reduce cost is to vaccinate against multiple diseases using combined vaccines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a combined vaccine for the prevention and control of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Rift Valley fever (RVF). The LSD and CBPP were formulated as a combined vaccine, and the RVF was formulated separately as live attenuated vaccines. These consisted of a Mycoplasma MmmSC T1/44 strain that was propagated in Hayflick-modified medium, RVF virus vaccine, C13T strain prepared in African green monkey cells (Vero), and the LSDV Neethling vaccine strain prepared in primary testis cells. The vaccines were tested for safety via the subcutaneous route in both young calves and pregnant heifers with no side effect, abortion or teratogenicity. The vaccination of calves induced seroconversions for all three vaccines starting from day 7 post-vaccination (PV), with rates of 50% for LSD, 70% for CBPP and 100% for RVF, or rates similar to those obtained with monovalent vaccines. The challenge of cattle vaccinated with the LSD/CBPP and the RVF vaccine afforded full protection against virulent strains of LSDV and RVFV. A satisfactory level of protection against a CBPP challenge was observed, with 50% of protection at 6 months and 81% at 13 months PV. A mass vaccination trial was performed in four regions of Burkina Faso that confirmed safety and specific antibody responses induced by the vaccines. The multivalent LSD/CBPP+RVF vaccine provides a novel and beneficial approach to the control of the three diseases through one intervention and, therefore, reduces the cost and improves vaccination coverage.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a Combined Live Attenuated Vaccine against Lumpy Skin Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley Fever

Bamouh,

Elarkam,

Elmejdoub

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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“…mycoides (Mmm). Safini et al (2022) made a bivalent vaccine by attenuated this pathogen (strain obtained from CIRAD AF262936) and Neethling strain (ID: AF409138), which can induce inoculated cattle to produce high-level neutralizing antibodies against the two diseases without clinical adverse reactions. It is predicted that the vaccine can protect the two diseases.…”

Section: Research Advances In Lsd Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the research advances on lumpy skin disease: A comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence

et al. 2022

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Lumpy skin disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which can induce cattle with high fever and extensive nodules on the mucosa or the scarfskin, seriously influencing the cattle industry development and international import and export trade. Since 2013, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Russia and Asia. In the past few decades, progress has been made in the study of LSDV. It is mainly transmitted by blood-sucking insects, and various modes of transmission with distinct seasonality. Figuring out how the virus spreads will help eradicate LSDV at its source. In the event of an outbreak, selecting the most effective vaccine to block and eliminate the threat posed by LSDV in a timely manner is the main choice for farmers and authorities. At present, a variety of vaccines for LSDV have been developed. The available vaccine products vary in quality, protection rate, safety and side effects. Early detection of LSDV can help reduce the cost of disease. In addition, because LSDV has a huge genome, it is currently also used as a vaccine carrier, forming a new complex with other viral genes through homologous recombination. The vaccine prepared based on this can have a certain preventive effect on many kinds of diseases. Clinical detection of disease including nucleic acid and antigen level. Each method varies in convenience, accuracy, cost, time and complexity of equipment. This article reviews our current understanding of the mode of transmission of LSDV and advances in vaccine types and detection methods, providing a background for further research into various aspects of LSDV in the future.

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Thiaucourt¹,

Nwankpa²,

Amanfu³

2021

Veterinary Vaccines

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The protection rate of T1/44 and T1sr vaccines assessed in two independent vaccine trials varied between 33 and 67% (Thiaucourt et al., 2000). Animals were challenged against local pathogenic strains, 3 months after single vaccination. Further experiments demonstrated that T1/44 confers longer immunity than T1sr after a single dose, while a booster vaccination received 12 months after initial immunisation increased the efficacy of both vaccines (> 80%; Wesongaet al., 2000). In order to be effective vaccines must contain at least 10 7 CFU/dose of live Mmm (WOAH, 2021).Both vaccines confer low efficacy at primo-vaccination and short-term immunity, requiring re-vaccinations every 6 and 12 months respectively for T1sr and T1/44. T1/44 has residual virulence, which results in occasional cases of severe inflammation at the site of injection called Willems' reactions. These local reactions can evolve into systemic disease and may even result in death of the animals in the absence of antibiotic treatments, which can discourage vaccine acceptance by farmers . Willems' reactions are observed mainly upon first vaccination and with low occurrence after re-vaccination (Muuka et al., 2014). No side effects have been reported for T1sr.Both T1/44 and T1sr are currently produced as freeze-dried live vaccines with cold chain requirements until delivery. After reconstitution, delivery time is restricted to 30 min -2 hrs. In field conditions and with hot temperatures, viability rapidly drops below the minimum recommended titre affecting vaccine efficacy.The quality of CBPP vaccines is known to differ among producers / batches, which may result in variable vaccine efficacy. Due to the potential side effects and cold chain requirements, vaccine delivery should be restricted to fully trained veterinary personnel. GAPS :Vaccine safety: Side effects associated with the T1/44 strain are perceived as an important issue. For example, T1/44 is not accepted in some countries due to reported adverse reactions and T1sr is used instead, although the frequency of vaccination campaigns is normally once per year. Vaccine delivery can exacerbate side effects, since applying inappropriate administration routes (intradermal or intramuscular instead of subcutaneous) or using inappropriate needle gauge, etc. can result in increased adverse reactions and, thus, reduced acceptability by farmers.Vaccine efficacy: The true efficacy of T1 vaccines in the field is not well known. Control programs based on vaccination alone are not sufficient for CBPP eradication in the absence of additional countermeasures such as animal movement control. For ex.: Northern Namibia and Western Zambia, where CBPP mass vaccination campaigns are delivered annually, are still struggling to control the disease, with many outbreaks declared in 2021 and 2022.Vaccine delivery: Fully trained personnel is needed to manage vaccination, since administration problems such as use of wrong diluents and vial sizes, inappropriate number of doses per vial, etc. can result in reduced viability a...

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Development and Evaluation of a Combined Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) Live Vaccine

Cited by 6 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of a Combined Live Attenuated Vaccine against Lumpy Skin Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley Fever

Evaluation of a Combined Live Attenuated Vaccine against Lumpy Skin Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley Fever

Understanding the research advances on lumpy skin disease: A comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

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